Tuesday, May 31, 2022

初探新加坡政府医院，没有官方介绍，句句亲历实录【新加坡生活104】

Relocating to Nursing Home: Something to ponder on...

From WhatsApp 2022-05-31

Something to ponder on..... 🤔

C&P

A lady (85 yrs old), is thinking of leaving Kuala Lumpur and shifting to a senior citizens colony near Petaling Jaya. Her husband passed away many years ago.

She educated and married her three daughters who are now US citizens. They have two kids each of who is now in High School/College. The lady herself travelled to the US many times on her own. She lived there for six months or more, on six occasions, when her daughters delivered babies.

The other day, she became emotional and disclosed her plan to settle for assisted living in an old age home in Petaling Jaya and that she had no intention to go back to the US for reasons of her own.

One can feel her emotions very strongly, as all of us may have to face the same dilema in our sunset years too.

Please read the Article below. The lady was feeling the same way as the author of the Article, who has written this beautiful piece.

This Article on the internet has caused many to reflect on their own lives. The author is a retired writer, and she expressed her emotions when she was about to go to a nursing home herself. Read on.👇👇

*Relocating to a Nursing Home.*

(in Western Countries, Retirement Homes are called Nursing Homes)

I'm going to a nursing home. I have to. When life gets to where you are, and you are no longer able to take care of yourself completely, your children are busy at work and have to take care of their children and have no time to take care of you, this seems to be the only way out.

The nursing home is in good condition, with clean single rooms equipped with simple and practical electrical appliances. All kinds of entertainment facilities are complete, the food is fairly delicious, the service is also very good. The environment is also very beautiful, but the price is not cheap.

My pension is poorly able to support this. But I have my own house. If I sell it, then the money is not a problem. I can spend it on retirement, and the rest will be left as an inheritance for my son.

The son understands very well : "your money and your property should be enjoyed by you mom, don't worry about us." Now I have to consider preparing to go to a nursing home.

As the saying goes : Breaking a family is worth tens of thousands, which refers to many things. Boxes, bags, cabinets, and drawers are filled with all kinds of daily necessities: clothing for all weathers and beddings for all seasons.

I like to collect. I have collected a lot of stamps. I have also hundreds of purple clay teapots. There are many small collections, and such small items as pendants of emerald and walnut amber, and two small yellow croakers.

I am especially fond of books. The bookshelves on the wall are full.

There are also dozens of bottles of good foreign wine. There are full sets of household appliances; various cooking utensils, pots and pans, rice, oil, salt, noodles, flour, spices, various seasonings the kitchen is also full. There are also dozens and dozens of photo albums..., looking at the house full of things, I'm worried!

The nursing home has only one room with a cabinet, a table, a bed, a sofa, a refrigerator, a washing machine, a TV, an induction cooker and a microwave oven -- all the things I will need.

There is no place to store the wealth that I have accumulated throughout my life.

At this moment, I suddenly feel that my so-called wealth is superfluous, and it doesn't belong to me. I just take a look at it, play with it, use it. It belongs to this world. The wealth that comes in turns is just passing by.

Whose palace is the Forbidden City? The Emperor thought it belonged to him, but today it belongs to the people and society.

You look at these, you play with these, you use these but you can't take them with you in death.

I want to donate the things in my house, but I can’t get it done. To deal with it has now become a problem. Very few children and grandchildren can appreciate what I have collected. I can imagine what it will be like when my children and grandchildren face these painstakingly accumulated treasures of mine: all the clothes and bedding will be thrown away; dozens of precious photos will be destroyed; books will be sold as scrap. Collections? If you are not interested, you will dispose of them. The mahogany furniture is not practical and will be sold at a low price.

Just like the end of the Red Mansion: only a piece of white left, so clean.

Facing with the mountain of clothes, I only picked a few favourites; I only kept a set of pots and pans for kitchen supplies, a few books that are worth reading; a handful of teapots for tea.

Bring along my ID card, senior citizen certificate, health insurance card, household register, and of course a bank card. Enough!

It's all my belongings! I'm gone. I bid farewell to my neighbours, I knelt at the door and bowed three times and gave this home back to the world.

Yes! In life, you can only sleep in one bed, live in one room. Any more of it is merely for watching and playing!

Having lived a lifetime, people finally understand: we don’t need much. Don’t be shackled by superfluous things to be happy!

It's ridiculous to compete for fame and fortune. Life is no more than a bed.

For most of us, over 60 years of age already, shouldn’t we think carefully about how to take this last journey in life?

*Let go of fantasies and baggage, and of those things that can't be eaten, worn or used. Most importantly.....try to remain Healthy and be Happy.*

A GOOD POST WORTH READING.....🙏😊

Retail investors should steer clear of crypto even as S'pore adapts rules to aid innovation: DPM Heng*

https://www.straitstimes.com/tech/tech-news/retail-investors-should-steer-clear-of-cryptocurrencies-singapore-to-approach-tech-with-open-mind-dpm-heng

100%無廣告】流行鋼琴曲 ( pop piano songs )再回首\三寸天堂\相見恨晚\匆匆那年《願得一人心》梅艷芳 - 女人花\花千骨 ...

Monday, May 30, 2022

Danger of air ticket information exposed

郑少秋 Adam Cheng - 笑看风云 | 夜色钢琴曲 Night Piano Cover

我国1元旧钞主角濒危海鸟樟宜岸外礁石筑巢“抢镜”订户来自 / 联合早报

我国1元旧钞主角濒危海鸟樟宜岸外礁石筑巢“抢镜”

https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20220530-1277642

尹云芳　报道

wunyf@sph.com.sg

樟宜码头岸外不远的礁石上，一群黑枕燕鸥正在繁衍、孵蛋及觅食。纯白外衣搭配颈背出众的一抹黑，这个本地濒危海鸟是否让你觉得眼熟？

唯一在我国定期筑巢海鸟

没错，黑枕燕鸥正是我国1元旧钞的主角，每年年中的繁殖季节都会吸引不少摄影爱好者前去拍摄。

根据国家公园局的资料，黑枕燕鸥是唯一在我国定期筑巢的海鸟，目前约有25只到100只，普遍见于柔佛海峡东半部，以及乌敏岛和德光岛的离岸海域。

本地唯一活跃的黑枕燕鸥繁殖地在罗央石（Loyang Rock），从樟宜尾渡轮中心乘船约五分钟就可抵达。

摄影爱好者傅佳健（45岁，教育业人员）前天早上架着变焦长镜头，第二次乘船到罗央石拍摄黑枕燕鸥。

这是由佳能成像学院（Canon Imaging Academy）筹划的拍摄指导活动，每次限制六人参与。

傅佳健说，第一次拍摄时似乎惊扰了黑枕燕鸥，一行人刚抵达就遭遇鸟粪“攻击”，前天再度到访时，这群黑枕燕鸥冷静许多，只啄了一下他的脑袋就“默许”他们拍摄。“我们只待在船上，不会触碰或喂食，尽可能不打扰它们。”

疫情暴发后才转向禽鸟摄影的傅佳健估计，当天礁石附近有超过80只黑枕燕鸥。“船夫跟我说，等鸟宝宝长大，能自己飞翔和捕鱼后，黑枕燕鸥就会离开那里，因此我很珍惜可以近距离拍摄它们的机会。”

Highway in Gobi desert, China

Sunday, May 29, 2022

Video Gun Yoga USA

Saturday, May 28, 2022

Western Qinghai, the black Gobi desert.

My Monthly BMI monitoring from 2007-05-28 to 2022-05-28

----------------------------------

My Monthly BMI monitoring from 2007-05-28 to 2022-05-28

👍18.5 to 22.9 (97.22%)

👎More than 23 (2.78%)

My 15-year Weight Management Records from 2007-05-28 to 2022-05-28 (by Calorie Restriction, i.e. Dietary Energy Restriction):

My 15-year Weight Management Records from 2007-05-28 to 2022-05-28 (by Calorie Restriction, i.e. Dietary Energy Restriction):

Note: According to the Singapore Health Promotion Board, a Healthy BMI would fall between 18.5 to 22.9. A lower index would mean that the individual is at risk of nutrition deficiency diseases and osteoporosis. An index that is higher would mean that the individual is at risk of obesity-related diseases. (Ref: DD-P2016E02)

Total number of Monthly Weight monitored was 180 (100%)

The no. of times my BMI between 18.5 and 22.9 was 175 (97.22%)

The no. of times my BMI equal or more than 23.000 was 5 (2.78%)

=======================

2007

2007-05-28 morning, my weight = 65.0 kg, BMI = 23.588

2007-06-28 morning, my weight = 61.0 kg, BMI = 22.136

2007-07-28 morning, my weight = 59.0 kg, BMI = 21.410

2007-08-28 morning, my weight = 58.7 kg, BMI = 21.302

2007-09-28 morning, my weight = 57.5 kg, BMI = 20.866

2007-10-28 morning, my weight = 57.5 kg, BMI = 20.866

2007-11-28 morning, my weight = 56.2 kg, BMI = 20.394
2007-12-28 morning, my weight = 55.5 kg, BMI = 20.140

2008

2008-01-28 morning, my weight = 54.8 kg, BMI = 19.886

2008-02-28 morning, my weight = 54.8 kg, BMI = 19.886

2008-03-28 morning, my weight = 54.5 kg, BMI = 19.777

2008-04-28 morning, my weight = 54.4 kg, BMI = 19.741

2008-05-28 morning, my weight = 54.1 kg, BMI = 19.632

2008-06-28 morning, my weight = 54.6 kg, BMI = 19.814

2008-07-28 morning, my weight = 54.5 kg, BMI = 19.777

2008-08-28 morning, my weight = 54.3 kg, BMI = 19.705

2008-09-28 morning, my weight = 54.9 kg, BMI = 19.923

2008-10-28 morning, my weight = 55.3 kg, BMI = 20.068

2008-11-28 morning, my weight = 54.5 kg, BMI = 19.777

2008-12-28 morning, my weight = 55.6 kg, BMI = 20.177
2009

2009-01-28 morning, my weight = 54.8 kg, BMI = 19.886

2009-02-28 morning, my weight = 55.9 kg, BMI = 20.285

2009-03-28 morning, my weight = 54.8 kg, BMI = 19.886

2009-04-28 morning, my weight = 55.3 kg, BMI = 20.068

2009-05-28 morning, my weight = 55.4 kg, BMI = 20.104.

2009-06-28 morning, my weight = 55.2 kg, BMI = 20.031

2009-07-28 morning, my weight = 55.1 kg, BMI = 19.995

2009-08-28 morning, my weight = 55.2 kg, BMI = 20.031

2009-09-28 morning, my weight = 56.3 kg, BMI = 20.431

2009-10-28 morning, my weight = 55.8 kg, BMI = 20.249

2009-11-28 morning, my weight = 56.2 kg, BMI = 20.394

2009-12-28 morning, my weight = 56.1 kg, BMI = 20.358
2010

2010-01-28 morning, my weight = 55.6 kg, BMI = 20.177

2010-02-28 morning, my weight = 56.5 kg, BMI = 20.503

2010-03-28 morning, my weight = 56.4 kg, BMI = 20.467

2010-04-28 morning, my weight = 55.7 kg, BMI = 20.213

2010-05-28 morning, my weight = 55.1 kg, BMI = 19.995

2010-06-28 morning, my weight = 56.4 kg, BMI = 20.467

2010-07-28 morning, my weight = 55.5 kg, BMI = 20.140

2010-08-28 morning, my weight = 55.8 kg, BMI = 20.249

2010-09-28 morning, my weight = 55.8 kg, BMI = 20.249

2010-10-28 morning, my weight = 55.4 kg, BMI = 20.104

2010-11-28 morning, my weight = 55.6 kg, BMI = 20.177

2010-12-28 morning, my weight = 55.5 kg, BMI = 20.140

2011
2011-01-28 morning, my weight = 55.4 kg, BMI = 20.104

2011-02-28 morning, my weight = 56.5 kg, BMI = 20.503

2011-03-28 morning, my weight = 55.6 kg, BMI = 20.177

2011-04-28 morning, my weight = 55.7 kg, BMI = 20.213

2011-05-28 morning, my weight = 55.6 kg, BMI = 20.177

2011-06-28 morning, my weight = 56.3 kg, BMI = 20.431

2011-07-28 morning, my weight = 56.5 kg, BMI = 20.503

2011-08-28 morning, my weight = 56.9 kg, BMI = 20.649

2011-09-28 morning, my weight = 56.2 kg, BMI = 20.394

2011-10-28 morning, my weight = 56.8 kg, BMI = 20.613

2011-11-28 morning, my weight = 59.0 kg, BMI = 21.410

2011-12-28 morning, my weight = 60.3 kg, BMI = 21.882

2012
2012-01-28 morning, my weight = 61.5 kg, BMI = 22.318

2012-02-28 morning, my weight = 62.7 kg, BMI = 22.753

2012-03-28 morning, my weight = 62.5 kg, BMI = 22.681

2012-04-28 morning, my weight = 61.3 kg, BMI = 22.246

2012-05-28 morning, my weight = 60.7 kg, BMI = 22.028

2012-06-28 morning, my weight = 60.6 kg, BMI = 21.992

2012-07-28 morning, my weight = 61.2 kg, BMI = 22.209

2012-08-28 morning, my weight = 60.8 kg, BMI = 22.064

2012-09-28 morning, my weight = 61.5 kg, BMI = 22.318**

2012-10-28 morning, my weight = 62.3 kg, BMI = 22.608

2012-11-28 morning, my weight = 63.4 kg, BMI = 23.008***

2012-12-28 morning, my weight = 62.9 kg, BMI = 22.826

2013
2013-01-28 morning, my weight = 63.0 kg, BMI = 22.863

2013-02-28 morning, my weight = 62.1 kg, BMI = 22.536

2013-03-28 morning, my weight = 61.5 kg, BMI = 22.318

2013-04-28 12.45 pm, my weight = 63.1 kg, BMI = 22.899****

2013-05-28 morning, my weight = 62.3 kg, BMI = 22.608

2013-06-28 morning, my weight = 62.2 kg, BMI = 22.572

2013-07-28 morning, my weight = 62.4 kg, BMI = 22.645

2013-08-28 morning, my weight = 62.6 kg BMI = 22.717

2013-09-28 morning, my weight = 62.4 kg BMI = 22.645**

2013-10-28 morning, my weight = 62.3 kg BMI = 22.609

2013-11-28 morning, my weight = 63.1 kg BMI = 22.899

2013-12-28 morning, my weight = 64.4 kg BMI = 23.371
2014

2014-01-28 morning, my weight = 63.6 kg, BMI = 23.080

2014-02-28 morning, my weight = 63.3 kg, BMI = 22.971

2014-03-28 morning, my weight = 62.7 kg, BMI = 22.753

2014-04-28 morning, my weight = 62.7 kg, BMI = 22.753

2014-05-28 morning, my weight = 62.9 kg, BMI = 22.826

2014-06-28 morning, my weight = 63.1 kg BMI = 22.899

2014-07-28 morning, my weight = 62.7 kg, BMI = 22.753
2014-08-28 morning, my weight = 62.2 kg, BMI = 22.572
2014-09-28 morning, my weight = 61.2 kg, BMI = 22.209
2014-10-28 morning, my weight = 61.4 kg, BMI = 22.282
2014-11-28 morning, my weight = 60.2 kg, BMI = 21.846
2014-12-28 morning, my weight = 60.8 kg, BMI = 22.064
2015
2015-01-28 morning, my weight = 61.3 kg, BMI = 22.246
2015-02-28 morning, my weight = 61.8 kg, BMI = 22.427
2015-03-28 morning, my weight = 61.8 kg, BMI = 22.427
2015-04-28 morning, my weight = 62,5. kg, BMI = 22.681
2015-05-28 morning, my weight = 62.4 kg, BMI = 22.645
2015-06-28 morning, my weight = 63.6 kg, BMI = 23.080
2015-07-28 morning, my weight = 62.3 kg BMI = 22.609
2015-08-28 morning, my weight = 62.2 kg, BMI = 22.572
2015-09-28 morning, my weight = 63.0 kg, BMI = 22.863
2015-10-28 morning, my weight = 63.2 kg, BMI = 22.935
2015-11-28 morning, my weight = 62.6 kg, BMI = 22.717
2015-12-28 morning, my weight = 62.3 kg BMI = 22.609
2016
2016-01-28 morning, my weight = 63.0 kg, BMI = 22.863
2016-02-28 morning, my weight = 62.8 kg, BMI = 22.790
2016-03-28 morning, my weight = 62.0 kg, BMI = 22.499
2016-04-28 morning, my weight = 62.0 kg, BMI = 22.499
2016-05-28 morning, my weight = 62.4 kg, BMI = 22.645
2016-06-28 morning, my weight = 62.1 kg, BMI = 22.536
2016-07-28 morning, my weight = 62.2 kg, BMI = 22.572
2016-08-28 morning, my weight = 62.6 kg, BMI = 22.717
2016-09-28 morning, my weight = 62.8 kg, BMI = 22.790
2016-10-28 morning, my weight = 62,5. kg, BMI = 22.681
2016-11-28 morning, my weight = 62.1 kg, BMI = 22.536
2016-12-28 morning, my weight = 62.3 kg, BMI = 22.608
2017
2017-01-28 morning, my weight = 62.9 kg, BMI = 22.826
2017-02-28 morning, my weight = 62.4 kg, BMI = 22.644
2017-03-28 morning, my weight = 62.8 kg, BMI = 22.789
2017-04-28 morning, my weight = 62.3 kg, BMI = 22.609
2017-05-28 morning, my weight = 62.2 kg, BMI = 22.572
2017-06-28 morning, my weight = 62.6 kg, BMI = 22.717
2017-07-28 morning, my weight = 62.4 kg, BMI = 22.645
2017-08-28 morning, my weight = 61.9 kg, BMI = 22.463
2017-09-28 morning, my weight = 62.0 kg, BMI = 22.499
2017-10-28 morning, my weight = 62.0 kg, BMI = 22.499
2017-11-28 morning, my weight = 61.5 kg, BMI = 22.318

2017-12-28 morning, my weight = 61.5 kg, BMI = 22.318
2018

My Weight 2018-01-28 0934 hr 61.0 kg BMI 22.136

My Weight 2018-02-28 0915 hr 60.7 kg BMI 22.027

My Weight 2018-03-28 0620 hr 61.0 kg BMI 22.136

My Weight 2018-04-28 1005 hr 61.7 kg BMI 22.390

My Weight 2018-05-28 0856 hr 60.5 kg BMI 21.955

My Weight 2018-06-28 0600 hr 61.4 kg BMI 22.281

My Weight 2018-07-28 0600 hr 62.2 kg BMI 22.572

My Weight 2018-08-28 0720 hr 61.4 kg BMI 22.281

My Weight 2018-09-28 0805 hr 62.1 kg BMI 22.535

My Weight 2018-10-28 0750 hr 61.3 kg BMI 22.24

My Weight 2018-11-28 1000 hr 61.5 kg BMI 22.318

My Weight 2018-12-28 0650 hr 62.5 kg BMI 22.681

2019

2019-01-28 at 1000 hr 60.9 kg BMI 22.100

2019-02-28 at 0946 hr 61.0 kg BMI 22.136

2019-03-28 at 0700 hr 62.4 kg BMI 22.644

2019-04-28 at 0828 hr 62.9 kg BMI 22.826

2019-05-28 at 0745 hr 62.4 kg BMI 22.826

2019-06-28 at 0650 hr 62.4 kg BMI 22.644

2019-07-28 at 0736 hr 62.8 kg BMI 22.789

2019-08-28 at 0629 hr 62.4 kg BMI 22.644

2019-09-28 at 0644 hr 61.9 kg BMI 22.463

2019-10-28 at 0740 hr 62.5 kg BMI 22.681

2019-11-28 at 0632 hr 62.8 kg BMI 22.789

2019-12-28 at 0726 hr 62.5 kg BMI 22.681

2020

My Weight 2020-01-28 0625 HR 62.6 kg BMI 22.717

My Weight 2020-02-28 0728 HR 62.3 kg BMI 22.608

My Weight 2020-03-28 0649 HR 61.4 kg BMI 22.281

My Weight 2020-04-28 0810 HR 62.0 kg BMI 22.499

My Weight 2020-05-28 0714 HR 62.3 kg BMI 22.608

My Weight 2020-06-28 0757 HR 60.2 kg BMI 21.846

My Weight 2020-07-28 0715 HR 61.6 kg BMI 22.354

My Weight 2020-08-28 0707 HR 61.1 kg BMI 22.173

My Weight 2020-09-28 0609 HR 60.8 kg BMI 22.064

My Weight 2020-10-28 0818 HR 60.7 kg BMI 22.027

My Weight 2020-11-28 0706 HR 60.9 kg BMI 22.100

My Weight 2020-12-28 0631 HR 60.5 kg BMI 21.955

2021

My Weight 2021-01-28 0638 HR 61.3 kg BMI 22.245

My Weight 2021-02-28 0741 HR 61.2 kg BMI 22.209

My Weight 2021-03-28 0659 HR 61.3 kg BMI 22.245

My Weight 2021-04-28 0659 HR 61.1 kg BMI 22.173

My Weight 2021-05-28 0618 HR 61.1 kg BMI 22.173

My Weight 2021-06-28 0604 HR 61.3 kg BMI 22.245

My Weight 2021-07-28 0642 HR 61.2 kg BMI 22.209

My Weight 2021-08-28 0653 HR 61.5 kg BMI 22.318

My Weight 2021-09-28 0618 HR 61.5 kg BMI 22.318

My Weight 2021-10-28 0549 HR 61.0 kg BMI 22.136

My Weight 2021-11-28 0630 HR 61.3 kg BMI 22.245

My Weight 2021-12-28 0528 HR 61.6 kg BMI 22.354

======================================

2022

My Weight 2022-01-28 0910 HR 61.1 kg BMI 22.173

My Weight 2022-02-28 0642 HR 61.2 kg BMI 22.209

My Weight 2022-03-28 0649 HR 61.4 kg BMI 22.281

My Weight 2022-04-28 0649 HR 61.4 kg BMI 22.281

My Weight 2022-05-28 0549 HR 61.0 kg BMI 22.136

Note

My current BMI is within the healthy range of 18.5 to 22.9.

For me, the range of healthy weight is 50.9786 kg (BMI = 18.5) to 63.10324 kg (BMI = 22.9).

People with BMI values of 23 kg/m2 (or 25 kg/m2 according to some sources) and above have been found to be at risk of developing heart disease and diabetes.

To be healthy, I must have a healthy weight.

Be as lean as possible without being underweight, as recommended by World Cancer Prevention Foundation, United Kingdom.

=================================

Note: From 2021-05-28, I have removed the unimportant minute details of old records from My Weight Management Records.

=================================

Ref. WeightManagement

My Weight on 2022-05-28

My Weight

2022-05-28

0648 HR

61.0 kg

BMI 22.136

Monthly Weight Monitoring since 28 May 2007

Friday, May 27, 2022

美景美景八

美景美景七

美景美景六

美景美景五

美景美景四

美景美景三

美景美景二

美景美景一

基督教：分歧严重！世界第一大宗教为什么分裂成天主教和东正教？2020-04-27

基督教：分歧严重！世界第一大宗教为什么分裂成天主教和东正教？

关注

按信徒人数来看，基督教是目前世界上最大的宗教，在全世界70多亿人口中，基督教徒高达22亿，占世界人口的31%。基督教能够成为世界性宗教，除自身的教义受到认同外，还离不开罗马帝国的推广。

公元1世纪，罗马帝国控制下的巴勒斯坦地区的犹太人屡次反抗罗马失败后，为了给自己找到一个精神出路而创立了基督教。基督教一开始具有“反罗马精神”，但因其倡导平等的思想，深受底层民众的拥护，所以信徒迅速增加发展很快。

到了3世纪基督教不仅成为了一个内部组织严密的教派，还调整了其反罗马的教义，终于在392年被罗马帝国确立为国教。在罗马帝国的推广下，基督教遍布欧洲、北非和西亚地区，成为世界性的宗教。

▲ 全球基督教占比图

但作为罗马国教的基督教在11世纪的时候却经历了一次严重的分裂，分成了罗马教皇为代表的天主教和君士坦丁堡主教为代表的东正教。天主教主要在英法德等西欧国家继续传播，在传播过程中又分成新教和旧教；东正教则是在希腊、巴尔干半岛等国占优势。天主教和东正教因为对于谁是领导和一些教义的分歧不能达成共识，相互之间封闭了达千年之久。

基督教为什么会在11世纪分成天主教和东正教呢？这两大派之间有哪些恩怨使得它们分裂长达千年？

一、基督教诞生与成为罗马国教

基督教产生于反抗罗马帝国严苛统治的过程中。公元前3世纪罗马开始了对外扩张，通过战争占有了西亚、北非和欧洲大片领土。

罗马帝国在它占领区推行自身的多神崇拜，这与巴勒斯坦犹太民族的一神崇拜严重相背离。犹太人为了自己的宗教信仰多次发动起义，但是都被残酷镇压。一些看不到出路的犹太人，在原有的犹太教基础上创立了基督教。

基督教一开始具有明显的“反罗马精神”，因而在发展中多次遭到了罗马皇帝的迫害，像尼禄、图密善和德西乌斯等都曾对基督教徒进行过迫害。基督教提倡的种族平等观念却深受下层民众的认可，所以教徒是越来越多。随着基督教徒的增加，它自身也在不断调整顺应罗马的统治。

▲ 基督教的传播

到了公元3世纪罗马帝国内忧外困。国内出现了严重的经济危机，北部面临着蛮族人的威胁，东部又有萨珊王国的侵扰。为了维护统治，罗马皇帝对基督教采取宽容的政策。313年，皇帝君士坦丁发布了承认基督教合法化的“米兰敕令”，自此基督教迎来了在罗马帝国发展的黄金时期。

成也君士坦丁败也君士坦丁，君士坦丁接下来的行为给以后基督教分裂埋下了引线。

在这种内忧外困的局面下，罗马帝国不仅仅需要基督教徒的支持，还需要一个新的统治中心。位于欧亚大陆交汇处的重要贸易中心拜占庭成为了罗马帝国的首选。拜占庭是公元前6世纪由古希腊人建造的，对于君士坦丁皇帝来说这不仅是一座历史悠久的繁荣城市，还是一座拥有着三面环海易守难攻的优良战略地位城市。

▲罗马帝国的新都君士坦丁堡于地中海和黑海之间，周边屏障众多，易守难攻

君士坦丁皇帝仿照罗马城的样式扩建了原来的拜占庭（后改名为君士坦丁堡）作为了帝国的新都，这使罗马帝国形成了东西两个中心。

在修筑了君士坦丁堡后，君士坦丁皇帝为了强化自己的统治而建立了君士坦丁堡教区，这决定了君士坦丁堡教区的教权是服务于皇权的。皇帝为了自己的统治不断提升君士坦丁堡教区的地位，381年，罗马皇帝召开了基督教宗教大会，这次会上君士坦丁堡主教的地位被提升到了仅次于罗马主教，引发了罗马主教的不满。

392年，基督教被确立为罗马帝国的国教。3年后为了能够对庞大帝国进行有效控制并集中力量抵抗来自北方蛮族的入侵，罗马帝国分成了东罗马和西罗马两个孪生国家。伴随着国家分裂的同时以罗马为中心的西部教会和以君士坦丁堡为中心的东部教会也是渐行渐远。

二、文化差异下的领导地位之争

宗教作为一种文化现象，是人们对现实世界的特殊认识，基督教的分裂和罗马文化的构成有很大关系。欧洲文明有两大摇篮——希腊文化和罗马文化，其中罗马文化源于古希腊文化。当时罗马帝国的文化主要有希腊文化和罗马文化两种。

在罗马帝国之前，希腊处于城邦时期，出现了雅典、斯巴达等发达的城邦，这些城邦不仅经济发达，文化也是高度发达，出现了像苏格拉底、亚里士多德等知识渊博的大家。古希腊的古典文化深受周边民族的仰慕，纷纷慕名学习，像罗马就曾经是学习者。

公元前4世纪，希腊北部的马其顿王国出现了一个伟大国王亚历山大。亚历山大在统一了雅典、斯巴达等古希腊各城邦后，为了掠夺波斯帝国的财富，也为了征服世界，开始了10年的远征。最终他建立起了一个西起巴尔干半岛，东到印度，南到北非的庞大帝国。

▲亚历山大帝国的疆域

深受希腊文化熏陶的亚历山大，在占领区大力推广希腊文化。希腊文化随着他的东征在北非、西亚等地扎根发芽广泛传播。这个时候的罗马也开始对希腊的文化感兴趣，并设立学校学习希腊的古典文化。

▲罗马疆域图

亚历山大创建的帝国在他死后不久就分崩离析了，但是希腊文化的传播影响却没有停止，像当时的北非的托勒密王朝还是以希腊文化传承自居。等到罗马帝国占领了西亚、北非和欧洲的广大地区后，皇帝们面临着东部广大希腊文化区的挑战。为维护统治，他们将自己定位为希腊文化的守护者，还以精通希腊语为荣。

在帝国东部行省里，主要从巴尔干半岛往东包括北非在内的原来的亚历山大帝国的领土里，罗马帝国基本上保留了原来的文化传统——希腊文化。在这些地方语言以希腊语为主、文化也是希腊古典文化。像基督教产生的巴勒斯坦地区，就是一个深受希腊文化影响的罗马东部行省。

▲拉丁字母，也称罗马字母现在世界流传最广的字母体系

强大的罗马不甘心文化上受到希腊文化的垄断，他们借鉴并创造了属于自己的拉丁文化，以此与希腊文化竞争。在罗马帝国的西部行省里边，因为社会经济发展相对落后，源于罗马的拉丁语和罗马式教育从意大利半岛一直往北遍及到了英吉利的广大地区。在拉丁文化传播的同时，基督教也在罗马帝国内不断传播，而且为了传教方便用拉丁语来解释教义和经典。

罗马帝国分家后，它的东西两部分因为受到不同文化的影响，开始走上了不同的发展道路，越来越疏远。

三、正统地位争论不休

罗马帝国分裂后，君士坦丁堡教会开始蠢蠢欲动。他们认为之前罗马主教因为管辖的教区是帝国首都，所以地位崇高，既然现在君士坦丁堡主教管辖的也是帝国首都，那他们的地位应该一样。

▲ 451年的卡尔西顿大公会议，君士坦丁牧首取得和罗马教宗同等地位

由于东部教会从确立就受到皇帝的支持，所以这个目标在451年东罗马皇帝召开的基督教卡尔西顿大公会议上实现了。这次会议西方教会只有罗马主教的三位代表参加，因而会后罗马主教认为这是强盗会议，不承认会议的结果。

在东西方教会争权夺利的时候，罗马帝国境内因发展落后而备受歧视的蛮族日耳曼人却灭掉了西罗马帝国。西罗马尽管灭亡了，但罗马教会却借助战乱之机，通过修建慈善机构救济穷人提升了威望。后来蛮族法兰克王国的国王克洛维的皈依，真正提高了罗马主教的地位。

▲ 476年西罗马灭亡，原来西罗马统治的地区出现了大大小小的国家，而粉红色部分的东罗马帝国依然稳定

在入侵罗马的日耳曼人中有一支是法兰克人，他们在首领克洛维的带领下征服了原罗马帝国的高卢行省，建立了法兰克王国。为了维护统治并得到罗马遗老遗少的支持，克洛维皈依了基督教。蛮族首领主动接受基督教的洗礼，这让罗马教会的地位迅速提升。

但君士坦丁堡主教在东罗马皇帝的支持下仍然不承认罗马教会的地位。他们还召开会议警告罗马主教，如果违背教规将会开除教籍。而且东罗马帝国在罗马教会受到了日耳曼伦巴底人威胁时毫无办法，为了自身的利益罗马教会和需要它的法兰克等蛮族国家联系越来越紧密。

▲矮子丕平，奠定罗马教会地位的世俗国王

751年法兰克王国的宫廷总管丕平为了得到国内基督教徒的支持也为了让自己篡位名正言顺，主动寻求罗马主教的帮助。罗马主教为了借法兰克王国的支持抗击伦巴底人，就亲自为丕平举行加冕。

丕平后来用一大块土地作为回报，这成为教皇国开始，罗马主教自此开始有了专属名字“教皇”。丕平加冕告诉了西欧封建领主一个道理：不管你出身如何只要王位能获得罗马教皇的加冕就是合法性的。这大大提高了罗马教皇的权威。

▲查理曼大帝，第一个被加冕为神圣罗马皇帝的非罗马帝国皇帝

丕平的继任者查理曼更是深得教会的认可，教皇为查理加冕称之为神圣罗马皇帝。东罗马皇帝认为他们才是罗马帝国的正统传承，对这次加冕表示强烈不满。在东罗马教会和王权是紧密一起的，罗马教会的加冕自然也引发了东方教会的反对。

公元9世纪的时候，教皇尼古拉一世和君士坦丁堡主教波提乌斯因为教义问题又发生激烈争论，波提乌斯召开了宗教会议开除了教皇的教籍，这让双方的关系极度恶化，东西方教会出现了短暂分裂。尽管之后东罗马新皇帝重新改善了东西方教会的关系，但是两者的裂痕却是难以弥补。

在这次短暂分裂的160年后，君士坦丁堡主教为了独自控制东方教会的野心，关闭了君士坦丁堡的罗马式教堂并写信质问教皇违反教义，成为基督教分裂的导火线。罗马教皇派出的代表也是极其强硬宣布开除君士坦丁堡主教教籍，作为回应君士坦丁主教也宣布开除教皇的教籍。

▲1054年分裂后的基督教，图中红色的是罗马天主教的范围，紫色的是东正教的范围

1054年，基督教在东西方教会长期争论后最终被分成了两派。东罗马的基督教继续坚持传统教义自认为是正统所以自称为正教，因为位置在东称之为东正教。东正教的主教按习惯翻译为牧首。罗马的基督教会继续坚持他们的普世价值，称之为天主教，最高领袖是教皇。

四、不同际遇各自发展

基督教尽管分裂了，但在面对异教徒迫害时双方还是可以合作的。由于信奉伊斯兰教的塞尔柱突厥人占领圣城耶路撒冷并禁止基督教徒朝拜，1096年双方联合发动了十字军东征。但是在1204年来自欧洲的十字军因为贪图东罗马帝国的财富而洗劫了君士坦丁堡导致双方彻底反目，进入了各自发展时期。

在分裂后坚持自己是正统地位的东正教，因为东边受到伊斯兰教阻碍，为了扩大自己的影响只能往北传教，他们用斯拉夫语将基督教经典传到了东欧的广大地区。后来随着东罗马的灭亡，俄国的强大，东正教的中心就转移到了俄国。

▲掀起罗马天主教改革的马丁路德

罗马天主教经历了和世俗王权的争斗后，继续发挥自己普世的价值，在欧洲的中西部不断扩大自己的影响。在中世纪，罗马天主教成为了各国的无冕之王，教皇不仅垄断了《圣经》的解读控制了各国人民的精神生活，还十分贪婪特别是在分裂的德意志地区，每年会从德意志境内掠夺大量的财富，这严重阻碍了德意志经济的发展。为了反对教会的精神垄断，1517年马丁路德提出信仰就能得救的理论，这场改革迅速席卷了欧洲解放了人们的思想。

▲ 基督教的分裂示意图

在这次改革后，罗马天主教又分了罗马的旧教和路德教、加尔文以及英国国教等新教。这次分裂是基督教继1054年东西分裂后的再一次分裂，自此基督教形成了天主教、新教和东正教三大派，这种分裂的局面一直延续到今天。

▲ 现代欧洲及周边的宗教分布地图

从1204年十字军攻陷君士坦丁堡到今天的这近千年里，东正教和天主教因为教义争论而相互断绝交流。现在双方虽然对于罗马教皇管辖权的分歧还存在，但东西方的宗教领袖为实现合作作出了巨大的努力。

如2016年罗马教皇和俄罗斯东正教牧首的会面被誉为两大基督教领袖千年来的首度会晤。他们两人就现在基督教徒受到极端组织迫害的事情达成了合作应对的共识，被看做是基督教两大派和解的开始。

▲2016年会面的罗马天主教教皇方济各和俄罗斯东正教大牧首基里尔

作者：羊洋洋

编辑：Thomas (唐)

热门评论

老杜84949241

踩

好文章，清晰讲解了基督教各派别的由来，长知识！👍

回复2年前

永不停止35

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西方谚语：哪里有一神论宗教，哪里就有战争。

回复11个月前

百花谷哦

先有天主教的吧旧约和新约难道旧约抄的新约？这个有点糊涂了😳

1回复1年前

新肥龙

踩

亚美尼亚的属于那种宗教？

2回复5个月前

自由的卡尔

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眼前一座恢宏壮阔的教堂，教堂坚实的底座是东正教，而整个教堂上部的主体结构是天主教，仰望教堂圆穹和尖顶的光环，这就是新教。所谓底座是基于教义的正统性以及神秘性构成的，作为地面上庞大的主体结构，这是历史演绎的自然躯体，不可否认的巨大整体存在，新教的实用入世光芒万丈，已经告诫历史演绎中展现了壮阔波澜……… 然而，无论如何审视，他们是同根同源的，包括犹太教本身，都是同宗同德的，这是令东方羡慕的缘分，如何说俄罗斯乌克兰以及欧洲的冲突，那都是被外力蛊惑的，和平福德必然昭彰，美国为首的北约在这里所做的勾当，上帝知道。

回复2周前

事事略懂才能装

踩

这也是俄罗斯和西欧关系不好的原因之一

回复2年前

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