Wednesday, May 31, 2023

《谦秋论》赖岳谦第五百二十八集｜美放下执念心怀天下吧！中已然是科技大国！｜

壹蘋10點強打｜黃仁勳2千萬維安保駕！1人拉抬台股1.44兆　外籍保鏢現蹤(狗仔直擊)｜壹蘋新聞網

美国还是新加坡？｜俊玮谈新

Google to delete inactive accounts starting from December 2023

https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/google-to-delete-inactive-accounts-starting-december

2023-05-16

SAN FRANCISCO - Alphabet’s Google on Tuesday said it would delete accounts that have remained unused for two years starting from December, in a bid to prevent security threats including hacks.

The company said that if a Google account has not been used or signed in to for at least two years, it might delete the account and content across Google Workspace, which includes Gmail, Docs, Drive, Meet and Calendar, as well as YouTube and Google Photos.

The policy change applies only to personal Google accounts and not to those for organisations such as schools or businesses.

In 2020, Google said it would remove content stored in an inactive account, but not delete the account itself.

Starting from Tuesday, Google will send multiple notifications to the account e-mail address and recovery mail of the inactive accounts before deletion.

Last week, billionaire Elon Musk said Twitter would remove accounts that have been inactive for several years and archive them, saying that the action is “important to free up abandoned handles”. REUTERS

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CPF: Debate on CPF Ordinary Account interest rate resurfaces as those for Special, MediSave accounts rise

Debate on CPF Ordinary Account interest rate resurfaces as those for Special, MediSave accounts rise

https://www.straitstimes.com/business/debate-on-cpf-ordinary-account-interest-rate-resurfaces-as-those-for-special-medisave-accounts-rise

2023-05-30

SINGAPORE – The debate over the interest rate for the Central Provident Fund (CPF) Ordinary Account (OA) has been reignited on news that the rates for the Special Account (SA) and MediSave Account (MA) will go up by 0.01 percentage point, from 4 to 4.01 per cent, in the third quarter of this year.

This is the first time since 2008 that the interest rates for SA and MA will go above 4 per cent.

The Government implemented a floor interest rate of 4 per cent for the SA, MA and Retirement Account (RA) in 2008. The 4 per cent floor has been extended every year since then.

Putting the numbers in perspective, a 0.01 percentage point increase for a CPF member who has met this year’s full retirement sum of $198,800 represents an increase of $19.88 a year.

Dr Chua Hak Bin, regional co-head of macro research at Maybank, said: “This increase is minuscule relative to the rise in inflation and market interest rates.”

But he added that though small, it is “perhaps large in symbolism as the Government has not adjusted the rates for more than a decade”.

Economist Walter Theseira at the Singapore University of Social Sciences said the 0.01 percentage point increase “will add up to some money” if the entire population’s CPF savings are taken into account.

The interest rates for SA and MA are pegged to the average yield of 10-year Singapore Government Securities (10YSGS) over a 12-month period and are reviewed quarterly.

Associate Professor Theseira said SA and MA rates could go higher in the fourth quarter of this year as bond yields go up.

“The only question is whether the long-term yields will go up. They will only go up if expectations for future inflation are to rise significantly. In general, people think that inflation will be higher in the foreseeable future than it was in the past couple of decades,” he added.

Meanwhile, the interest rate for RA will remain at 4 per cent per annum. This is because the RA rate is reviewed annually, unlike SA and MA rates, which are reviewed quarterly.

The Government announced in 2022 that the RA rate will be maintained at 4 per cent from January to end-December 2023.

The OA interest rate will remain at 2.5 per cent per annum in the third quarter. This is because the calculated OA rate is 0.66 per cent, and therefore remains below the legislated minimum rate of 2.5 per cent.

The OA rate is based on the average of the three local banks’ savings and fixed deposit rates over a three-month period.

Mr Christopher Gee, senior research fellow at the Institute of Policy Studies, said the SA and MA rates are benchmarked against bond yields because the funds are for the longer term – retirement and hospitalisation expenses.

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As OA funds can be used for housing finance, the interest is therefore based on shorter-term rates, he added.

Prof Theseira said the way of calculating the OA interest rate is “from the era when the basic deposit account was the main instrument that the banks offered to retail customers”.

Today, banks give bonus interest rates on their primary banking accounts to get customers to do all their banking transactions – such as salary crediting, credit card spending, savings or investments – with the bank, he noted.

He said the OA rate should reflect the banks’ special bonus rates as the “real opportunity cost of funds”, and therefore should actually be higher.

Still, he does not think it will cross the 2.5 per cent floor because the banks tie a lot of terms and conditions to the highest rates they promise.

Any changes to the OA rate will have to be thought through carefully, Mr Gee said, because the concessionary interest rate for Housing Board loans is pegged at 0.1 percentage point above the OA rate.

Prof Theseira said there is no reason the HDB loan rate has to be pegged to the OA rate. “The interest rate that you pay to buy a home could be different from the rate that you earn from OA savings,” he added.

He said one possibility is to peg the HDB loan rate to the tenor, for example, to the yields of 20-year or 30-year government securities.

Any changes to the OA rate will also impact a segment of the population who have used their CPF funds for their homes.

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Data from CPF showed that $2.9 billion was taken out from the fund by HDB flat and private property owners in the fourth quarter of 2022. These people will have to refund the principal they took out, plus accrued interest, to their CPF account when they sell their property.

Accrued interest is the amount of interest a home buyer would have earned if he had not used his CPF savings for housing. A rise in the OA rate would mean the accrued interest he needs to return to his CPF account will be higher.

“There are implications for those who have purchased their homes using their CPF OA,” Mr Gee said.

“You cannot just ask for interest rate increases without thinking about the implications. You will also need to have a policy to help those people who are currently paying off their loans with their CPF (money).”

Some CPF members have, however, argued that CPF money is meant for retirement needs and should not be used for housing.

Mr Gee said the CPF system was designed to cater for both purposes.

When a CPF member is younger, more of his CPF contributions go into his OA to help finance his property purchase. As he gets older, more of his contributions will go into his SA and MA to meet his retirement and healthcare needs, respectively.

“By the time he retires, the housing loan would have been paid off. His MA then takes care of medical bills and his RA is his retirement income. That is the CPF model,” Mr Gee said.

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Tuesday, May 30, 2023

静以修身俭以养德

静以修身

俭以养德

2023👏黃仁勳台大演說🌈中英字幕Nvidia Jensen Huang Commencement Speech@NTU 中文翻譯

為什麼新加坡會進步？這5點值得讓大家學習｜台灣人在新加坡

沈颖：除了能体现组屋真正价值转售市场也为屋主带来保障

https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20230530-1399656

2023-05-30

有公众在《新明日报》和民情联系组（REACH）联办的对话会上建议取消转售组屋市场，让屋主将单位卖回给建屋局，这个建议掀起讨论，身为主宾的沈颖认为转售组屋市场还是有存在的意义，除了能体现组屋的真正价值，也能为屋主尤其年长人士带来保障。

国家发展部兼外交部高级政务部长沈颖星期一（5月29日）晚上出席《新明日报》与民情联系组联办的《好好谈一谈之住屋大件事》对话会，连同公共政策咨询新加坡（KantarPublic Singapore）政策发展、评估与数据分析主管梁振雄博士、资深艺人林茹萍及105名现场观众，共同探讨政府组屋和社区生活等课题。UFM100.3电台DJ伟龙是对话会主持人。

一名公众戴先生在提问环节，建议政府应取消转售组屋市场，让有意卖房的屋主可以直接将单位卖回给建屋局，交由估价师来决定转售价。

转售组屋市场课题进而在对话会上引起热烈讨论，沈颖当下询问与会者的看法，结果超过半数举手反对取消转售组屋市场。

沈颖认为，转售组屋市场对国人来说利大于弊，尤其是对年长者和退休人士来说尤其重要。

她指出，转售组屋市场的存在，才能体现出组屋的真正价值。估价师必须在市场有交易的基础上才能估价，好比一般估价师会根据近期转售组屋的交易来估价。假设取消转售组屋市场，估价师便无从下手为组屋定价。

另一方面，转售组屋市场的房价实际反映了国家的整体经济。在经济好，居民收入提高和购买力增强的情况下，房价就会逐步上升，就会体现出组屋的价值。

沈颖强调，转售组屋市场的存在为广大国人提供自由选择的权利，对退休人士和年长者来说尤其重要。

“一些退休人士和低收入的屋主，即使没有收入或薪资不高，也能享受我国经济增长的果实。比方说，他们有套现、大屋换小屋的选项，也能考虑屋契回购、出租房子等。”

明年首批屋主入住社区关爱组屋　沈颖：当局将密切关注情况

明年第一批社区关爱组屋的屋主将入住，沈颖说，当局密切关注，将“边学边做、边做边学”。

沈颖说，社区关爱组屋是比较新的尝试，它是专门为年长者设计的组屋，设有共享活动空间和护理配套。目前年长者反应热烈，不少到建屋局参观示范单位。

建屋局于2021年推出本地第一批位于武吉巴督的社区关爱组屋，共有169个单位，屋主明年就可入住。

沈颖说，当局非常关注社区关爱组屋的试行过程，将根据实际情况作出进一步的调整，主要是累积经验。

沈颖说：“我们知道社会老龄化迫在眉睫，所以我们是边学边做、边做边学，尽快推出这一类的组屋房型来满足老龄化社会的需求。”

梁振雄：更多单身者渴望拥屋

疫情加大国人对住家空间的需求，近年来单身购屋者人数有增加趋势。

专注于人口、移民、公共住屋等相关社会研究的梁振雄观察到，受冠病疫情影响，国人对生活空间的需求有所提高。而在我国，购屋者主要有三大群体：核心家庭、单身人士和退休人士。

他在过去四五年的研究中发现，有越来越多35岁及以上的单身人士渴望拥有自己的屋子。

“对他们来说是一个所谓的经济保障，他不需要每月交租，有自己的房子以及私人空间。”

至于退休人士，他们四五十年前以优惠的价格买下屋子，在目前物价飞涨的情况下希望大屋换小屋，实现套现。

“所以不同群体的住屋需求，就可能造成短期的供不应求现象。”

林茹萍：多项政策　助年长者就地养老

多项政策帮助年长者就地养老。

本地资深艺人林茹萍昨在对话会指出，对年长者而言，退休金是否足够安享晚年是一个重要考量。

许多年长者都希望在熟悉的居住环境，有身边朋友一起就地养老。

她也说，拥有组屋的年长者可受惠于多项政策，帮助他们增加退休收入，就地养老。这包括通过屋契回购计划、大屋换小屋、乐龄安居花红（Silver Housing Bonus），或者出租房屋来增加每月收入。

需求最迫切　为年轻首购屋者提供更多援助

政府意识到刚结婚的年轻首次购屋者住屋需求最迫切，因此提供更多援助，包括新设的“首次购屋者（家长与夫妻）”优先组别。

沈颖指出，首次购屋的年轻夫妇群体不小，过去多场对话会中普遍都会谈论到这个群体，尤其是年长者担心孩子拿不到屋子，可能会延后生育计划，因此这个群体的住屋需求更为紧迫。

而建屋局近来新设立的首次购屋者（家长与夫妻）优先组别就让这个群体受惠，让他们有多一些抽签机会，也有更多预购单位预留给他们，让他们能够尽早申请到组屋。

林茹萍作为“过来人”补充说，她的孩子结婚时还没拿到屋子，有一段时间与她同住，生活习惯不同，或者年轻人感觉不够自由。

“跟父母住有好处，但自己搬出去组织小家庭也是有好处的。”

据之前报道，建屋局将在8月份的组屋销售活动推出上述优先组别，协助这些家庭拥有房子。

新优先组别设下三条件。首先，申购者必须是育有至少一个18岁及以下孩子的家庭，或是40岁及以下的夫妻。第二，他们从未拥有或出售任何住宅房地产。第三，他们过去五年没有机会选购预购组屋或剩余组屋。优先组别可在三方面获得购屋优势，包括在申购预购组屋或剩余组屋时有三次抽签机会、纳入家庭与育儿优先配屋计划（Family and Parenthood Priority Scheme，简称FPPS）、申购非成熟市镇的四房式或更小单位也将优先分配到保留给FPPS的单位。

首次购屋者定义：

首次购屋者的定义不仅于第一次购买的年轻人。

人们普遍认为首次购屋者指的是刚结婚或刚生育的年轻夫妇或年轻家庭，实际不然。

沈颖说，首次购屋者的定义更为广泛，只要是还没有享受过政府组屋津贴都算是首次购屋者。因此申请预购组屋的排队人群当中，有一部分并不来自年轻夫妇或年轻家庭。

例如，一对结婚二三十年的年长夫妇，过去购买转售组屋时并没有动用政府津贴，孩子大了，想卖掉现有屋子，买全新的预购组屋，也算是首次购屋者。

沈颖透露，这个年长的首次购屋群体实际上也不小。

申请非成熟市镇预购组屋　大多数三次内可搞定

申请非成熟市镇的预购组屋，绝大部分申购者三次内可“搞定”。

也是荷兰—武吉知马集选区议员的沈颖说，有年轻居民向她反馈，多次申请都无果。她了解后发现对方申请都是成熟市镇的预购组屋或剩余组屋。

“相对来说，如果他们申请的是非成熟市镇的预购组屋的话，那绝大部分的申请者三次之内就会成功，而很多其实最多两次就成功了。”

沈颖表示，能理解一些年轻家庭希望住靠近父母，或靠近工作地点。但她提醒，等候时间也是十分重要的考量。

梁振雄补充说，年轻购屋者必须考虑多方面因素，经济能力是最重要的考量。

一些年轻人希望住靠近父母，在成熟市镇没有推出预购组屋的情况下，转向转售组屋，但转售组屋的房贷压力较大。

“但是如果他们愿意搬到稍微远的地方，经济上或许比较能应付得来。”

被邻居噪音困扰妇女“有家不能回”

妇女指面对邻居的攻击性噪音，通过各管道求助不果只能租房。梁振雄博士指出过去两三年，平均每年有两万多起邻里噪音投诉。

参与昨晚对话会的公众牟女士披露，过去几年面临邻居的攻击性噪音，严重影响生活质量，导致她须服安眠药入睡，她多次报警并向建屋局求助无果，最后只好租房，称“有家不能回”，苦不堪言。

梁振雄认为，若邻居以噪音当“武器”，无论是针对或被针对，在本地的规范都无法被接受。他也指出，过去两三年里，平均每年有2万多起邻里噪音的相关投诉，去年数量有所改善，但仍是庞大的数字。

沈颖说，在探讨其他国家或城市如何解决噪音问题时，发现韩国有噪音体验中心，主要用来测试不同建筑材料的隔音功能。

不过噪音体验中心在我国主要是为了提升国人减少制造噪音的意识。

“平时我们在家里的一些举动，可能觉得声音不大，但可能楼下的人会听到很大的声响。”

蓄意制造噪音最难解决

针对牟女士情况，沈颖补充说，蓄意制造噪音是最难解决的邻里噪音纠纷，因为对方没有改变自己做法的意愿。这种情形下，虽然有邻里调解中心或邻里纠纷仲裁庭，但对方若不愿意配合，或当事人闭门不让任何人与其交谈，调解过程就可能会终止。

为此，国家发展部与文化、社区及青年部和律政部将联合成立一个专门的团队，希望从年底、小规模开始试行，由团队上门去进行调查，指定人员将被赋予更多调查和执行权限。

沈颖：除了能体现组屋真正价值转售市场也为屋主带来保障

一趟印度游，沿路直喊“牛”！我的印度所见所想#白宫義见 #chingyichang #张经义 (Ref. GoodGood, IndiaIndia)

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老人：口腔健康照顾好老来消化少烦恼

口腔健康照顾好老来消化少烦恼

订户

孙慧纹

发布 /

6 小时前

2023-05-30

年长者找到适合的饮食与生活方式，可大大提升整体消化系统的健康。（iStock图片）

字体大小:

随着年龄增长，消化系统各器官的功能会减退，吸收能力也会逐渐减弱，导致消化不良的症状，影响老年人的营养状况。老年常见的消化问题，包括胃食管反流病、肠易激综合征、腹泻、吞咽困难等。培养良好口腔习惯，避免引发消化问题的饮食，结合适量运动，都有助于提升消化系统的健康。经常有消化问题的年长者，除了定期接受身体检查，也应给牙医评估口腔健康。

人体的消化系统功能与肠胃健康密不可分，但肠胃只是消化系统中的一部分。从咀嚼与吞咽食物所涉及的口腔保健，到肠胃运作甚至是身体的活跃度，都会影响消化功能。

年长者因岁数增长而发生生理机能退化是不可逆转的情况，但了解老年消化问题的相关病症，找出适合的饮食与生活方式，并积极做出调整，可大大提升整体消化系统的健康。

从维护口腔健康开始

从广义来说，消化系统是指一组器官，从口腔开始，一路穿过胃、小肠、大肠，最后到达肛门。这些器官通过分工合作，分解我们吃下的食物，让身体吸收重要的营养物质，消除废物。

新加坡国立牙科中心修复牙医部牙周病科顾问医生杨璟蓉说，牙齿能通过咀嚼分解半固体状食物，协助吞咽过程。在口腔分解食物时，含有消化酶的唾液会开始消化食物中的淀粉，唾液也能湿润食物，并借助舌头将食物碎块从口腔送入食道。

培养良好的口腔习惯对年长者尤其重要，因为口腔保健，包括维护牙齿与牙龈健康与咀嚼功能息息相关。也是乐龄牙康特护诊所主任的杨璟蓉医生建议将以下事项融入日常生活：

学习口腔面部运动，增加吞咽肌肉的力量。

维持牙龈与牙齿健康，如刷牙时使用软毛刷，在靠近牙龈边缘的部位轻刷，并使用含氟（fluoride）漱口水减少蛀牙。
确保饮水量足够但避免过量，使口腔水分充足与唾液分泌稳定，有益于消化食物。

65岁后消化系统功能逐渐减退

随着年龄增长，消化系统各器官会出现功能减退等不同层次的变化，吸收功能也会逐渐减弱，导致消化不良的症状，影响老年人的营养状况。新保社区医院旗下盛港社区医院后急性与持续医疗护理助理顾问医生黄安媚说，人们的消化系统在约65岁前会保持相对稳定，65岁后则会逐渐出现与年龄相关的身体变化，进而影响消化系统。

杨璟蓉医生指出，针对老年口腔问题，年长者可能因为唾液腺的生理老化和服用多种药物导致唾液缺乏，提高蛀牙和口腔真菌感染的风险。这类真菌感染以酵母菌引起的念珠菌病（candidiasis）为主，使患者在咀嚼时感到疼痛加剧和不适。这情况可进一步发展成消化系统问题。

黄安媚医生说，年长者除了唾液会减少，下颌肌肉力量减弱也可导致咀嚼或吞咽困难。从食道到肠道，肌肉会变得僵硬、无力，以及功能效率低下。因新细胞的形成速度不像年轻时那般快，身体组织也更容易受损，所以年长者因直肠扩大，便秘情况更普遍。其他因素如日常生活缺乏运动，以及感官知觉如味觉、嗅觉和视觉水平降低，也进一步影响年长者消化食物的能力。

警惕常见消化问题

消化问题在任何人生阶段皆可能发生，但有些普遍的消化问题在年长群体中较常见。新加坡保健服务集团综合诊疗所营养治疗师陈彦霖说：“老年人常面对的消化不良，可能是胃食管反流病（gastroesophageal reflux disease，简称GERD）的症状。消化道的肌肉收缩力会随着年纪变大而减弱，并可能导致食物和胃部分泌的消化酶回流到食道。”

消化不良会引起胃灼热、恶心、腹胀和腹痛。药物、焦虑和压力也可能是诱因。陈彦霖提到，消化道功能减弱还会引起便秘，但这亦可能由多种因素造成。其他常见因素包括活动量降低或某些药物的副作用，使粪便变得坚硬、干燥，并且出现排便不频繁或疼痛现象。要注意的是，便秘伴有腹痛或腹胀可能是肠易激综合征（Irritable Bowel Syndrome，简称IBS）的征兆。

陈彦霖解释，肠易激综合征是一种功能性消化系统紊乱，其特征是出现反复腹痛、腹胀和一系列的肠道变化症状，包括腹泻、便秘或两者兼之。虽然消化系统的神经敏感性可随着年龄增加，但肠易激综合征可通过改变饮食，压力管理，调整生活方式等方法控制。

黄安媚医生补充，其他与老年消化问题相关的常见症状，还包括腹泻与吞咽困难。此外，有慢性疾病如糖尿病、关节炎和动脉阻塞的老年患者，应该更注意消化系统方面的问题。她说：“许多糖尿病患者患有胃轻瘫综合征（gastroparesis），导致食物需要很长时间才能在肠胃排空，易引起恶心和腹胀等不适症状。”

定期做全面检查

陈彦霖提醒，经常发生消化问题的年长者，定期接受身体检查尤其重要。黄安媚医生也鼓励年长者定期做体检，及时向医生反馈任何可能引起肠胃道症状的药物。

杨璟蓉医生则呼吁年长者别忽略让牙医做评估检查，找出咀嚼困难的确切原因。她举例：“有些人可能佩戴了不合适的假牙，有些人则可能有缺牙问题。这些情况都应该让牙医评估，推荐适合个人佩戴的假牙。”

值得注意的是，年长者还可能因失智症、帕金森症或中风等身体状况，出现吞咽困难。因吞咽困难引起的潜在并发症如咀嚼肌肉功能减退，或导致人们出现咀嚼障碍。因此年长者更应该注重定期做全面检查。

忌引起消化不良的食物

引起年长者出现消化不良的一些常见食物，包括脂肪类食物、辛辣食物、酒精，含咖啡因和多元醇（polyol）的人工甜味剂如山梨醇（sorbitol）、木糖醇（xylitol）的饮食。陈彦霖提醒，每个人的情况不一，这些食物并不会影响所有人，就如一些人会因服用乳制品而出现严重肠胃病，另一些人则可能吃下含麸质（gluten）食物才会出现类似病症。

避免接触这些刺激性食物，或少量食用，都有助于控制症状。年长群体特别是有潜在疾病的老年人，可考虑咨询营养治疗师，通过采取排除饮食法，找出触发消化不良问题的食物，并且避免这些饮食。

吃高纤维食物须确保饮水量充足

一般来说，保持健康均衡的饮食有助于预防消化相关的问题。这其中重要的一点是在饮食中加入富含纤维的食物，如蔬果和全谷物。陈彦霖指出，纤维有助预防便秘，促进消化和调节饱腹感。不过，年长者需要的纤维往往比年轻人少一些，而男性通常比女性须要摄取更多纤维。

黄安媚医生提醒年长者要预防便秘，不妨多吃粗粮与蔬果。要保持饮食均衡，建议根据保健促进局的健康餐盘概念，控制日常饮食分量，减少脂肪、盐和糖的摄取量。

陈彦霖则针对常被誉为“超级食物”（superfoods）的奇亚籽和小茴香（fennel）的实际效益提出看法。她说：“虽然奇亚籽和小茴香富含纤维，但关键是根据个人的身体状况适量摄取。由于水分是帮助纤维通过消化系统不可缺少的元素，若服用过多纤维，水分摄取却不足，反而会引起腹痛、便秘、腹胀和胀气。另一方面，纤维摄入不足也会导致便秘，并增加患上某些慢性疾病的风险。”

此外，患有克罗恩病（Crohn’s disease）、溃疡性结肠炎和憩室炎（diverticulitis）等肠道疾病的年长者，在医生的建议下，可能须要遵循低纤维饮食。要谨记的是，无论增加多少纤维摄取量，都应该同时增加水分的摄取，特别是针对胃口小或消化系统较弱的人。另一个建议是，避免一次性摄取每日建议的纤维，应在一天中以小量分散摄取。若年长者有任何身体状况，也建议咨询营养治疗师。

通过日常饮食摄取益生菌

外在压力，情感包袱，身体状况，以及使用抗生素等，都可能会打乱消化系统中的有益细菌和有害细菌的平衡。黄安媚医生说，益生菌的作用是促进人体消化系统中菌群的平衡，从而维护肠道的免疫力，减少炎症，并缓解与消化系统相关的不适症状。

市面上有许多面向大众的益生菌产品，种类多样，包括典型的发酵产品，如酸奶、苹果醋、康普茶（kombucha）和黄豆发酵食品天贝（tempeh）。要提醒的是，益生菌属于一种膳食补充剂，不同种类的益生菌产品会携带不同的菌株和浓度不一的细菌，因此产品会以不同方式与身体产生相互作用，人们得尝试看看，找出适合自己的益生菌产品。

市面上有许多面向大众的益生菌产品，包括含有益生菌的饮食，如酸奶、泡菜、天贝等。（档案照）

陈彦霖也提及益生菌可通过改变肠道菌群组成，改善年长者消化系统的健康，对免疫功能起到适度的正面影响。然而某些人可能会出现副作用，如排气和腹胀，因此建议以小剂量开始，再逐渐增加摄取量。不过，并非所有年长者都要服用益生菌保健品，因为益生菌也能通过日常饮食，如酸奶、泡菜、德式酸菜（sauerkraut）等获取。

每周150分钟中等强度运动有益消化系统健康

健康活跃的生活方式有助于维持消化系统的良好运作。黄安媚医生说：“研究显示，运动锻炼可帮助保持消化系统健康，如缓解便秘等症状，以及降低患结肠癌的风险。建议人们每周锻炼五次，每次至少30分钟，对整体健康有益，也有助于预防与年龄有关的疾病。”

欧南社区医院高级物理治疗师基丝内特（Kissnette Reodique Sacro）补充，一般锻炼对整体健康包括消化功能有积极影响。有研究指出，运动锻炼和活跃生活会使肠道消化酶的组成成分，更有利于健康与平衡。这些消化酶负责体内糖分的吸收，会影响体重，肾脏健康，以及不同内脏器官的早期衰老情况，有些甚至能降低患上其他代谢紊乱疾病的风险。

不过基丝内特指出，目前仍须进一步的研究调查才能确定哪些特定运动能辅助消化层面的健康。因此，她建议参考保健促进局在新加坡全民体育活动指导原则（Singapore Physical Activity Guidelines）中，推荐年长群体做的运动。

基丝内特举例：“成年人和老年人每周可做150分钟的中等强度运动，如快走，或75分钟的较剧烈运动如慢跑；此外，每周两天可做力量训练，如使用松紧带做胸部扩张，手臂弯曲，背部伸展，以及踢腿等动作。每周五天完成每次半小时的快步走，加上每个星期打一次太极，就足以达到建议运动量。”　

与此同时，人们要注意根据自身的耐力水平，逐渐增加运动次数和设定的运动剧烈程度。基丝内特说：“从低强度运动慢慢开始，如以一周的时间逐渐增加重复运动的次数。一般上，运动后感到肌肉有些酸痛是正常的，但是有糖尿病、高血压、骨关节炎或心脏病等疾病的患者，请让医生策划适合个人的锻炼计划，并为练习的频率、强度、类型和进度做进一步的指导。”

热词

家庭医生的反思：照顾病患团队合作不能少

伸援手、多陪癌患行动胜于口头安慰

口腔健康照顾好，老来消化少烦恼

Ageing: Forum: A range of accessible and affordable community care services to support seniors

Reading: Making Reading a Gift to the Young

Make reading a gift to the young

https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/st-editorial/make-reading-a-gift-to-the-young

2023-05-30

It is heartening that Primary 4 pupils in Singapore have emerged as the top readers in the world in an international test. The recently released results of the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (Pirls) show that pupils here are stronger in both foundational and higher-order reading skills compared with their international peers. The Ministry of Education (MOE) notes that Primary 4 marks an important point of transition in children’s development as readers, “when they would have learnt how to read, and are starting to read to learn”.

Held every five years, Pirls evaluates fourth-grade pupils’ reading and comprehension skills, such as interpreting and drawing connections between texts. Commendably, more than a third – 35 per cent – of Singapore pupils achieved the highest “advanced” level in the study, which refers to high competency in reading difficult texts and showing higher-order thinking skills. The international median was 7 per cent. These results help to corroborate the value of a Singapore school education, which is proved by students’ high scores in international tests such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (Pisa) that measures the competencies of 15-year-olds in reading, mathematics and science.

An important qualification, however, is that, while Singapore students have emerged as the top winners in the Pirls test because of their proficiency and confidence in reading, fewer of them have reported that they actually enjoy reading. The proportion of students who say that they enjoy reading a lot has fallen to 51 per cent, the lowest in a decade. The decline in reading enjoyment is an international phenomenon that is driven partly by the rapid proliferation of social media. This trend needs to be resisted. Already, MOE collaborates with the National Library Board (NLB) so that suggested good reads curated by its librarians are shared with schools. Also, schools collaborate with the NLB to promote the love for reading and cultivate good reading habits among younger pupils through a nationwide reading programme where volunteers read to children aged four to eight from less privileged families.

These are worthwhile initiatives, but it is parents who must take the primary responsibility for inculcating a love of reading in their children. Reading helps to improve a child’s memory, increases her or his vocabulary, sensitises children to different points of view, and hence encourages students to empathise with those who are different from them in age, gender, family wealth, academic achievement and nationality. From reading books written long ago to reading newspapers produced today, the written word possesses an educative agency that cannot be usurped by the abbreviated realities of social media, particularly in the hurried and ungrammatical form that they usually take. Reading is a worthwhile legacy for parents to leave to their children.

Making Reading a Gift to the Young

Ageing: Forum: A range of accessible and affordable community care services to support seniors

Forum: A range of accessible and affordable community care services to support seniors

https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/forum/forum-a-range-of-accessible-and-affordable-community-care-services-to-support-seniors

2023-05-30

We thank Ms Sheena Ramazanu for her suggestions (Time to ramp up homecare services for the elderly to age in place, May 24).

The majority of seniors today are relatively healthy and do not require intensive care services. For those who need care, the Ministry of Health (MOH) works with community partners to provide a range of home care and daycare services.

As the population ages, MOH has significantly expanded our aged care capacity. Since 2015, we have injected around 4,800 more daycare places, and 4,800 more home care places, to provide a total of 8,300 daycare places and 11,700 home medical and nursing care places as of end-2021. We will continue to monitor demand and inject additional capacity to improve accessibility where needed.

To help seniors better access such services, we provide means-tested subsidies of up to 80 per cent. These are complemented by other financial support schemes, like the Home Caregiving Grant and Seniors’ Mobility and Enabling Fund. Both schemes were recently enhanced to provide more support to seniors and their caregivers, especially those from lower-income households.

We also work upstream to empower our seniors to age actively. This helps them stay healthy for longer and reduces their rate of frailty. MOH is expanding our islandwide network of Active Ageing Centres, doubling the number from 119 to 220 by 2025. With these, seniors can more conveniently access a range of active ageing activities, befriending or buddying programmes, referral to care services and health-related initiatives.

The community also plays an integral role in supporting seniors to age in place, and we have put in place initiatives to activate community involvement. For instance, we are strengthening senior volunteerism to encourage mutual support, and creating safe and dementia-friendly communities to support persons living with dementia.

Those who require information on these services can call the Agency for Integrated Care (AIC) hotline on 1800-650-6060 or visit any AIC Links located at public and community hospitals.

Martin Chew

Director (Aged Care Services), Ageing Planning Office

Ministry of Health

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你們的父母為了今天做出許多犧牲，我的父母、哥哥也在這裡，讓我們向所有的父母和祖父母們表達感謝。

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這句話至今仍讓我感動不已，它抓住了我們公司的使命，就是幫助我們這個時代的愛因斯坦和達文西們完成他們的志業。

我很高興能回到台大在你們的畢業典禮致詞。當時我從 Oregon State University 畢業的時候，世界還很簡單，沒有液晶電視，也沒有有線電視跟 MTV，手機和電話這兩個詞是分開講的。

那一年是 1984 年，IBM PC-AT 和蘋果 Macintosh 開啟個人電腦革命，也開創了我們所知的晶片和軟體產業。現在你們所處的是一個更複雜的世界，充滿了地緣政治、社會和環境的變化和挑戰。

因為科技，我們能持續連線，沉浸在一個與現實世界平行的數位世界裡，汽車也能自動駕駛了。

AI 會創造過去不存在的新工作，每個人都要學習掌握 AI 紅利

在電腦產業創造了家用個人電腦 40 年後，我們發明了人工智慧，例如自動駕駛或辨識 X 光影像的軟體，AI 軟體為電腦自動化打開了大門，也開啟了價值數兆美元的產業——醫療保健，金融服務，運輸和製造業等等，AI 創造了各種機會。

敏捷的公司利用 AI 提升他們的地位，反之，那些落後的公司將會滅亡。正在聽這場演講的創業家們也將開創新事業，如同過去每一個運算時代，新的產業會出現。

AI 創造過去不存在的新工作，像資料工程，提示工程，AI 廠房營運與 AI 安全工程師等等。

這些都是以前沒有的工作，有些工作會因為自動化而過時了，但可以肯定的是，AI 將改變每一個工作，讓工程師、設計師、藝術家、行銷人員還有製造業的擘畫者有更好的表現。

就像過去每個世代的人一樣，他們擁抱新技術然後成功了，每一家公司，包括你們，都要學著掌握 AI 的紅利，讓 AI 成為你的副駕駛，做出驚人的事業。

有些人擔心 AI 可能會搶走他們的工作，其實，是擅長使用 AI 的「人」會搶走這些人的工作。我們處在重大科技時代的開端，像 PC，網路，手機和雲端等等。

但是 AI 的技術更基本，因為每個運算的層次都被重新打造，從我們如何寫軟體到它如何運作，AI 從根本上重新創造了運算方式。

從各個層面來看，這是電腦產業的重生，對台灣企業來說，這也是個千載難逢的機會。你們就是電腦產業的基石，在未來的十年，我們的產業將以全新、加速的 AI 技術取代全球超過一兆美元的傳統電腦市場。

NVIDIA 的第一個故事：面對錯誤，勇於求助

我的旅程比你們早 40 年開始，1984 年是畢業的好時節，我預期 2023 年也是如此。在你們的旅程開始之時，我該分享些什麼呢？今天是你們人生中最成功的一天，你們要從台大畢業了。我畢業那天也是個成功人士，直到我創辦 NVIDIA 為止。

在 NVIDIA，我經歷了失敗，非常大的失敗。那段歷程充滿羞辱和尷尬，公司幾乎要完蛋。讓我跟你們說三個關於 NVIDIA 的故事，這些故事定義了今日的 NVIDIA。

我們創辦 NVIDIA 來打造加速計算，我們第一個技術是 PC 遊戲的 3D 圖形。我們創造了一種非傳統的 3D 技術，它叫前向材質貼圖和曲線（forward texture mapping and curves）。這個技術的成本明顯較低，因此我們拿到了 SEGA 主機的合約，我們的平台吸引了遊戲製造商，也拿到資金。

經過一年的開發，我們發現這個架構策略錯了，而且微軟發佈了 Windows 95 Direct 3D，這是基於逆材質貼圖和三角（inverse texture mapping and triangles）的技術。

很多公司已經在開發支援這個標準的 3D 晶片，如果我們硬要完成 SEGA 的合約，我們的技術不僅不怎麼樣，跟 Windows 不相容，而且還追趕不上。但是，如果我們不履行合約，就會一毛錢也拿不到。不論如何，公司都會破產。

我跟 SEGA 的 CEO 說，公司技術開發方向錯了，SEGA 應該要換合作夥伴，因為我們無法履行合約，這個合作應該要終止。但我們需要 SEGA 的錢，不然 NVIDIA 就要倒閉了。

我很難為情地跟 SEGA 的 CEO 入交昭一郎（Irimajiri Shoichiro）提出這樣的要求，讓我很驚訝的是，他竟然同意了。

他的理解和慷慨讓我們能再活六個月。因為這個機會，我們打造了 RIVA 128。就在我們快要把錢燒光的時候，RIVA 128 讓剛起步的 3D 市場驚豔不已，我們被看見了，公司也活下來了。

我們的晶片在市場需求強勁，四歲就離開台灣的我又回到這裡，跟台積電的張忠謀見面，開啟了持續 25 年的合作關係。

面對自己犯下的錯，並以謙遜的態度向他人求助，這兩件事挽救 NVIDIA 免於倒閉，這樣的態度對你們這些聰明又成功的人來說是最困難的。

NVIDIA 的第二個故事：為了實現願景必然要忍受痛苦

2007 年，我們發表了 CUDA GPU 加速計算。我們的目標是讓 CUDA 成為一種程式設計模型，能加速科學運算、物理模擬、影像處理的應用。

從無到有創造一個全新的運算模型非常困難，過去很少人能做得到。CPU 運算模型自IBM System 360 以來已成為世人的標準，它有 60 年的歷史了。CUDA 需要開發者撰寫應用程式，並展示這款 GPU 的優點。

開發者需要龐大的安裝基礎，大型 CUDA 安裝基礎設施需要用戶購買新的應用程式。為了解決先有雞還是先有蛋的問題，我們使用遊戲 GPU，也就是 GeForce 來建立安裝基礎，因為它已經有大量的遊戲玩家市場。

但 CUDA 的額外成本非常高，NVIDIA 的利潤多年來表現不佳，我們的市值僅略高於10 億美元。多年的低迷表現，讓我們的股東懷疑 CUDA 的能耐，他們希望我們專心提高獲利能力，但我們仍然堅持做想做的事。

我們相信加速運算的時代終將來臨，我們開始辦 GTC 大會，也努力向全球推廣CUDA，接著各式應用開始出現了。

從震測處理、CT 重建、分子動力學、粒子物理學、流體動力學到影像處理，各種科學研究領域一個接著一個使用我們的技術。我們與每一位開發者合作撰寫他們的演算法，因此進步非常快，到了 2012 年，AI 研究者發現了 CUDA。

大家熟知的 AlexNet 是在 GeForce GTX 580 上訓練的，AI 技術開始大爆發。幸運的是，我們知道深度學習深具潛力，我們公司傾全力開發這個新領域的技術。我們冒上一切風險追求深度學習。10 年後，AI 革命開始了，現在的 NVIDIA 是全球 AI 開發者的引擎。

我們打造了 CUDA 並在加速運算和 AI 領域成為領導者，這個旅程塑造了 NVIDIA 的企業性格，為了實現願景必然要忍受痛苦與經歷磨難。

NVIDIA 的第三個故事：有策略的撤退，決定什麼不去做

讓我再說一個故事。2010 年，Google 打算將 Android 開發成一款具有優秀圖形的行動電腦。手機產業已有了數據機專業的晶片公司，NVIDIA 的運算和圖形專業使我們成為與 Android 合作的理想夥伴，我們因而進入了手機晶片市場。

我們很快的成功了，業務跟股價一起飆升，競爭對手也蜂湧而至。數據機晶片製造商學習如何製造運算晶片，而我們也在學習如何製造數據機。

手機市場非常大，我們可以競爭市佔率，但我們沒有這麼做，我們決定放棄這個市場。

NVIDIA 的使命是打造出一款電腦，它能解決一般電腦不能解決的問題。我們應該全力以赴實現這個願景，並做出獨特的貢獻。

我們有策略的撤退最終得到了回報。離開了手機市場，我們不畫地自限，而是創造了一個新的市場。我們創造一款新型的電腦，為機器人計算提供服務。這款新型電腦搭載神經網路處理器，有安全的結構進行 AI 演算。

在當時，這是一個零億美元的市場，我們離開了龐大的手機市場，跑去創立一個 0 元的機器人市場。

現在的 NVIDIA 的有數十億美元的汽車和機器人業務，並開創了一個新的產業。

放棄對你們這樣聰明又成功的人來說並不容易。然而，有策略的撤退，犧牲，決定什麼不要做，不就是成功的核心嗎？

2023 年的畢業生們，你們將進入正在經歷巨變的世界，就像當年的我身處 PC 和晶片革命之中一樣，你們站在 AI 的起跑線上，每一個行業都將歷經革命，浴火重生。

你要為創新做好準備，擁有自己的想法。這 40 年來，人類創造 PC、網路、手機、雲端技術，現在則進入了 AI 時代。

你想創造什麼呢？不管是什麼，跟我們一樣跑起來追逐它吧！跑起來，別用走的。記得，跑起來做個掠食者，或是跑起來避免被掠食。

我希望這段話可以用中文講，所以大家可以聽得懂。

跑起來掠食，或是努力奔跑免得成為掠食者的食物。

大多時候，你很難區別這兩者。不管怎麼樣，跑起來吧！在你自己的旅程中，帶上我今天跟你分享的經驗：謙虛地面對失敗，承認錯誤，向他人求助。為了實現夢想，你將承受痛苦與磨難。為了人生的使命與志業，你得做出犧牲並全心投入。

2023 年的畢業生們，我誠摯的祝福你們每一位。加油！

Full Transcript: NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang's Commencement Address at National Taiwan University

Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed faculty members, distinguished guests, proud parents, and above all, the 2023 graduating class of the National Taiwan University. Today is a very special day for you, and a dream come true for your parents.

You should be moving out soon. It is surely a day of pride and joy.So, your parents have made sacrifices to see you on this day. My parents are here, and so is my brother. Let's show all of our parents and our grandparents, many of them are here, our appreciation.

I came to NTU for the first time over a decade ago. Dr. Chen invited me to visit his computational physics lab. As I recall, his son, based in Silicon Valley, had learned of NVIDIA's CUDA invention and recommended his father utilize it for his quantum physics simulations.

When I arrived, he opened the door to show me what he had made. NVIDIA GeForce gaming cards filled the room, plugged into open PC motherboards, and sitting on metal shelves in the aisles were oscillating platform fans.

Dr. Chen had built a homemade supercomputer, the Taiwanese Way, out of gaming graphics cards. He started here, an early example of NVIDIA's journey.

He was so proud, and he said to me, Mr. Huang, because of your work, I can do my life's work. Those words touch me to this day, and perfectly capture our company's purpose, to help the Einstein and Da Vinci of our time do their life's work.

I am so happy to be back at NTU, and to be your commencement address. The world was simpler when I graduated from Oregon State University. TVs were not flat yet. There was no cable television, and MTV.

And the words mobile and phone didn't go together. The year was 1984. The IBM PC-AT and Apple Macintosh launched the PC revolution.

And started the chip and software industry that we know today. You enter a far more complex world, with geopolitical, social, and environmental changes and challenges.

Surrounded by technology, we are now perpetually connected, and immersed in a digital world that parallels our real world. Cars are starting to drive by themselves.

AI will create new jobs that didn't exist before

Forty years after the computer industry created the home PC, we invented artificial intelligence. Like software that automatically drives a car, or studies x-ray images, AI software has opened the door for computers to automate tasks for the world's largest, multi-trillion dollars of industries.

Healthcare, financial services, transportation, and manufacturing. AI has opened immense opportunities.

Agile companies will take advantage of AI, and boost their position. Companies less so, will perish. Entrepreneurs, many of them here today, will start new companies.

And like in every computing era before, create new industries. AI will create new jobs that didn't exist before. Like data engineering, prompt engineering, AI factory operations, and AI safety engineers.

These are jobs that never existed before. Automated tasks will obsolete some jobs. And for sure, AI will change every job. Supercharging the performance of programmers, designers, artists, marketers, and manufacturing planners.

Just as every generation before you embraced technologies to succeed, every company, and you, must learn to take advantage of AI. And do amazing things with an AI co-pilot by your side.

While some worry that AI may take their jobs, someone who expert with AI will. We are at the beginning of a major technology era, like PC, internet, mobile, and cloud. But AI is far more fundamental because every computing layer has been reinvented, from how we write software to how it's processed.

AI has reinvented computing from the ground up. In every way, this is a rebirth of the computer industry. And a golden opportunity for the companies of Taiwan.

You are the foundation and bedrock of the computer industry. Within the next decade, our industry will replace over a trillion dollars of the world's traditional computers with new, accelerated AI computers.

The first story of NVIDIA: Confronting mistakes and asking for help

My journey started 40 years before yours. 1984 was a perfect year to graduate. I predict that 2023 will be as well.

What can I tell you as you begin your journey? Today is the most successful day of your life so far. You're graduating from the National Taiwan University. I was also successful until I started NVIDIA.

At NVIDIA, I experienced failures. Great big ones. All humiliating and embarrassing. Many nearly doomed us.

Let me tell you three NVIDIA stories that define us today.

We founded NVIDIA to create accelerated computing. Our first application was 3D graphics for PC gaming.

We invented an unconventional 3D approach called forward texture mapping and curves. Our approach was substantially lower cost. We won a contract with SEGA to build their game console, which attracted games for our platform and funded our company.

After one year of development, we realized our architecture was the wrong strategy. It was technically poor. And Microsoft was about to announce Windows 95 Direct 3D based on inverse texture mapping and triangles.

Many companies were already working on 3D chips to support this standard. If we completed SEGA's game console, we would have built inferior technology, be incompatible with Windows, and be too far behind to catch up.

But we would be out of money if we didn't finish the contract. Either way, we would be out of business. I contacted the CEO of SEGA and explained that our invention was the wrong approach.

That SEGA should find another partner. And that we could not complete the contract and the console. We had to stop. But I needed Sega to pay us in whole. Or NVIDIA would be out of business.

I was embarrassed to ask. Irimajiri-san, the CEO of SEGA, to his credit and my amazement, agreed.

His understanding and generosity gave us six months to live. With that, we built RIVA 128. Just as we were running out of money. RIVA 128 shocked the young 3D market, put us on the map, and saved the company.

The strong demand for our chip led me back to Taiwan after leaving at the age of four to meet Morris Chang at TSMC and started a partnership that has lasted 25 years. Confronting our mistake and with humility asking for help, save NVIDIA.

These traits are the hardest for the brightest and most successful like yourself.

The second story of NVIDIA: Endure pain and suffering needed to realize your dreams

In 2007, we announced CUDA GPU Accelerated Computing. Our aspiration was for CUDA to become a programming model that boosts applications from scientific computing and physics simulations to image processing. Creating a new computing model is incredibly hard and rarely done in history.

The CPU computing model has been the standard for 60 years since the IBM System 360. CUDA needed developers to write applications and demonstrate the benefits of the GPU.

Developers needed a large installed base. A large CUDA installed base needed customers buying new applications. To solve the chicken or the egg problem, we used GeForce, our gaming GPU, which already had a large market of gamers, to build the installed base.

But the added cost of CUDA was very high. NVIDIA's profits took a huge hit for many years. Our market cap hovered just above $1 billion.

We suffered many years of poor performance. Our shareholders were skeptical of CUDA. And preferred we focused on improving profitability. But we persevered.

We believed a time for accelerated computing would come. We created a conference called GTC and promoted CUDA tirelessly worldwide. Then the applications came.

Seismic processing, CT reconstruction, molecular dynamics, particle physics, fluid dynamics, and image processing. One science domain after another, they came.

We worked with each developer to write their algorithms and achieved incredible speedups. Then, in 2012, AI researchers discovered CUDA.

The famous AlexNet trained on GeForce GTX 580 started the Big Bang of AI. Fortunately, we realized the potential of deep learning as a whole new software approach. And turned every aspect of our company to advance this new field.

We risked everything to pursue deep learning. A decade later, the AI revolution started. And NVIDIA is the engine of AI developers worldwide.

We invented CUDA and pioneered accelerated computing and AI. But the journey forged our corporate character to endure the pain and suffering that is always needed to realize a vision.

The third story of NVIDIA: Strategic retreat

One more story. In 2010, Google aimed to develop Android into a mobile computer with excellent graphics.

The phone industry had chip companies with modem expertise. NVIDIA's computing and graphics expertise made us an ideal partner to help build Android. So we entered the mobile chip market.

We were instantly successful. And our business and stock price surged. The competition quickly swarmed. Modem chip makers were learning how to build computing chips. And we were learning how to build modems.

The phone market is huge. We could fight for share. Instead, we made a hard decision and sacrificed the market.

NVIDIA's mission is to build computers to solve problems that ordinary computers cannot. We should dedicate ourselves to realizing our vision and to making a unique contribution.

Our strategic retreat paid off. By leaving the phone market, we opened our minds to invent a new one. We imagined creating a new type of computer for robotic computers.With neural network processor, safety architectures that run AI algorithms.

At the time, this was a zero billion dollar market. To retreat from a giant phone market to create a zero billion dollar robotics market. We now have billions of dollars of automotive and robotics business and started a new industry. Retreat does not come easily to the brightest and most successful people like yourself.

Yet, strategic retreat, sacrifice, deciding what to give up, is that a core, the very core of success?

Class of 2023, you're about to go into a world witnessing great change. And just as I was with the PC and chip revolution, you're at the beginning, at the starting line of AI. Every industry will be revolutionized. Reborn.

Ready for new ideas. Your ideas. In 40 years, we created the PC, internet, mobile, cloud, and now the AI era.

What will you create? Whatever it is, run after it like we did. Run. Don't walk. Remember, either you're running for food, or you are running from being food.

I hope that part can be translated into Chinese so that everyone can understand.

Either you're running for food, or you are running from becoming food.

And oftentimes, you can't tell which. Either way, run. And for your journey, take along some of my learnings. That you will have the humility to confront failure, admit a mistake, and ask for help.

You will endure pain and suffering needed to realize your dreams. And you will make sacrifices to dedicate yourself to a life of purpose and doing your life's work.

Class of 2023, I extend my heartfelt congratulations to each one of you. Jiayou!

核稿編輯：李柏鋒

《商益》主張「商業是最大的公益」，報導專注於讓讀者理解資本力量、商業本質以及財經語言。歡迎加入 Discord 社群，並免費註冊訂閱商益電子報。

Wednesday, May 31, 2023

Tuesday, May 30, 2023

口腔健康照顾好 老来消化少烦恼

从维护口腔健康开始

65岁后消化系统功能逐渐减退

警惕常见消化问题

定期做全面检查

忌引起消化不良的食物

吃高纤维食物 须确保饮水量充足

通过日常饮食摄取益生菌

每周150分钟中等强度运动 有益消化系统健康

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每周150分钟中等强度运动有益消化系统健康