Japanese architect who builds community wins Pritzker Prize

Japanese architect who builds community wins Pritzker Prize

https://www.straitstimes.com/life/travel/japanese-architect-who-builds-community-wins-pritzker-prize

2024-03-06

Mr Riken Yamamoto, whose understated buildings quietly emphasise community and connectivity, has been awarded the 2024 Pritzker Prize, architecture’s highest honour.

“Whether he designs private houses or public infrastructure, schools or fire stations, city halls or museums, the common and convivial dimension is always present,” the jury said in its citation announcing the award on Tuesday.

“His constant, careful and substantial attention to community has generated public interworking space systems that incentivise people to convene in different ways.”

The desire to eliminate barriers between public and private realms was evident in Mr Yamamoto’s first project, from 1977, a private open-air summer house in the woods of Nagano, Japan.

“It has only a roof, no walls,” the 78-year-old architect described in a telephone interview from Yokohama, Japan, where he is based. “In the winter season, many of the animals are coming in.”

Similarly, a house in Kawasaki that he designed the following year for two artists featured a pavilion-like room that could serve as a stage for performances, with living quarters underneath.

People continually asked why he makes such strange houses, the architect said.

The Yamakawa Villa, a private open-air summer house, was Mr Riken Yamamoto’s first project. PHOTO: NYTIMES

“I explain the meaning every time: The community is the most important thing. Every family has a relation to community.”

The prestigious Pritzker award may be most closely associated with “starchitect” recipients such as Frank Gehry, Rem Koolhaas and Zaha Hadid.

But in recent years, the jury has also recognised lower-profile designers, such as Francis Kere (2022), Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal (2021) and Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara (2020).

Mr Yamamoto’s public projects with his firm, Riken Yamamoto & Field Shop, have also been oriented around social interaction.

Saitama Prefectural University, completed in 1999, features nine transparent buildings connected by terraces, allowing views from one classroom to another.

“Distinguishing where one building ends and another begins is intentionally blurred,” the Pritzker says in its image book of Mr Yamamoto’s work, “prompting an architectural language of its own.”

“His architecture clearly expresses his beliefs through the modular structure and the simplicity of its form,” the jury said in its citation. “Yet, it does not dictate activities, rather it enables people to shape their own lives within his buildings with elegance, normality, poetry and joy.”

The architect has combined transparency, functionality and accessibility in projects such as the Future University Hakodate (2000), whose underlying philosophy, “Open Space, Open Mind”, is reflected in Mr Yamamoto’s open spaces.

For the Hiroshima West Fire Station (2000), Mr Yamamoto constructed the facade, interior walls and floors out of glass and made the atrium where firefighters train central to the building, encouraging passers-by to view and engage with those who are protecting the community. PHOTO: NYTIMES

The classrooms, auditorium and library are lined with glass walls, while open common areas are placed just outside the transparent rooms on overlapping levels, encouraging students and teachers to work collaboratively.

For the Hiroshima West Fire Station (2000), Mr Yamamoto constructed the facade, interior walls and floors out of glass and made the atrium where firefighters train central to the building, encouraging passers-by to view and engage with those who are protecting the community.

When designing Jian Wai Soho in 2004, nine residential towers and four small home offices just east of Tiananmen Square in Beijing, Mr Yamamoto said he successfully resisted the developer’s efforts to make the community gated. “I tried to make it open to the city,” he said.

In 2020, he designed the Circle at Zurich Airport, an indoor-outdoor complex of hotels, restaurants and stores featuring glass walls, windowed ceilings and thin concrete columns.

Typically airports “have only souvenir shops, but this is completely different”, Mr Yamamoto said in 2016. He added that his complex “is not for the airport itself”, but for residents of the Zurich region.

Born in 1945 in China and trained in Japan, Mr Yamamoto was five when he lost his father, an engineer, whose career he sought to emulate, eventually finding his way to architecture.

At 17, he visited Kohfukuji Temple in Nara, one of Japan’s most famous Buddhist shrines, with a history dating to the seventh century. There, he was captivated by the five-storey pagoda symbolising the elements of earth, water, fire, air and space.

“It was very dark, but I could see the wooden tower illuminated by the light of the moon,” he said in the Pritzker biography, “and what I found at that moment was my first experience with architecture.”

The Jian Wai Soho comprises nine residential towers and four small home offices and is located east of Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. PHOTO: NYTIMES

In 1968, Mr Yamamoto graduated from Nihon University and, three years later, received a Master of Arts in Architecture from Tokyo University of the Arts. He founded his practice in 1973.

He was influenced by his mentor, Japanese architect Hiroshi Hara, designer of the Umeda Sky Building in Osaka, Japan, which features two towers connected at the top by glass bridges and is now considered a landmark.

Mr Yamamoto’s 2018 winning design for the Taoyuan Museum of Art in Taiwan comprises two buildings with green inclined roofs connected with an aboveground corridor.

Inspired by the theories of political thinker Hannah Arendt, Mr Yamamoto is committed “to the belief that all spaces may enrich and serve the consideration of an entire community”, the Pritzker jury said, “and not just those who occupy them.”

He moved from single-family residences to social housing, such as the Hotakubo project in Kumamoto (1991), with 16 housing clusters arranged around a tree-lined central square. The design drew on traditional Japanese “machiya” (town houses) and Greek “oikos” (households) – living arrangements that foster collectivism.

He went on to create larger public projects, such as the Tianjin Library in China (2012), which incorporates bookshelves into an intersecting grid of wall beams. Stone louvres on the exterior mitigate dust and achieve transparency.

Mr Yamamoto has also made an effort to personally give back, collaborating with Japanese architects Toyo Ito and Kazuyo Sejima on disaster-relief community housing following the catastrophic earthquake and tsunami that struck Tohoku in 2011. The incident caused a meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant.

In 2018, he instituted the Local Republic Award, to honour young architects.

“For some reason, we’re educated to accept that an architect must be good and arrogant, leading us to wrongly believe arrogance is a condition for goodness,” architect and professor Graham McKay wrote in his Misfits’ Architecture blog in 2021.

“I’d like to use Riken Yamamoto and his career to illustrate that that’s not true.”

Often composed of essential, everyday materials such as aluminium, glass, concrete and wood, Mr Yamamoto’s buildings do not call attention to themselves. But their priorities come through loud and clear.

“My architecture is a strong message,” Mr Yamamoto said, “to make something in relation to other people.” NYTIMES

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