Vitamin E is essential for Purkinje neuron integrity Https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943241/

Vitamin E is essential for Purkinje neuron integrity
Https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943241/

Purkinje cell and cerebellar ataxia

http://www.ataxiacenter.umn.edu/aboutataxia/cerebellum/home.html

"Loss (death) of the Purkinje cell is the most common finding in cerebellar ataxia from any cause.

The absence of a functioning Purkinje cell causes the cerebellum to shrink.

This shrinkage can sometimes be seen through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans." Mar 26, 2009

About the Cerebellum - MED - Ataxia Center, University of Minnesota

B6, B12, Folic acid to stop brain shrinkage?

https://www.patrickholford.com/blog/b-vitamin-supplements-stop-alzheimer-s-brain-shrinkage

"According to this research anyone with a level above 10mcmol/l can benefit from supplementing a high daily dose of B6 (20mg), B12 (500mcg) and folic acid (800mcg).

These doses, which have now been shown to stop memory loss and brain shrinkage are much higher than you can get from a good diet alone." (May 21, 2013)

Parkinson's disease and MSA - two similar, neurodegenerative disorders - have a common pathological feature: the accumulation of the protein alpha-Synuclein.

Parkinson's disease and MSA  - two similar, neurodegenerative disorders - have a common pathological feature: the accumulation of the protein alpha-Synuclein. 

My Weight on 2017-10-28 at 0651 hr Was BMI 62.0 kg BMI 22.499

My Weight
2017-10-28
0651 hr
62.0 kg
BMI 22.499

HOW TO USE A HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MONITOR CORRECTLY

TODAYonline | Large swings in blood pressure could kill -  http://m.todayonline.com/daily-focus/large-swings-blood-pressure-could-kill

HOW TO USE A HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MONITOR CORRECTLY

Dr Chee Tek Siong, a member on the board of directors for the Singapore Heart Foundation, offers these tips:

1. Use an upper-arm blood pressure monitor for home monitoring. Use monitors that are validated by a professional organisation such as the British Hypertension society or American Heart Association.

2. The size of the blood pressure cuff must fit you well, and not be too small or too big.

3. Rest for at least five minutes before measurement. Do not smoke, eat or exercise half an hour before measurement.

4. Be still and do not talk while measuring your blood pressure.

5. Sit comfortably on a chair without crossing the legs. You should be able to rest both feet on the ground while sitting on the chair.

6. Do not wear clothing with tight sleeves.

7. Measure twice a day: Once in the morning within one hour of waking, before breakfast and before taking morning medications, and in the evening or before bedtime.

8. Take two readings at one to two minutes apart each time (this means taking a total of four readings per day). It is preferable to take readings for five or seven consecutive days. Exclude the readings on the first day and average out the remaining readings.

A normal blood pressure reading should be <135/85 mmHg. Some authorities advocate <125/75 mmHg for diabetics and those with kidney failure.

Health supplements taken by LatteLatte Super daily (as at 22 October 2017):

Health supplements taken by LatteLatte Super daily (as at 22 October 2017):

(1) Multivitamins 

[Spectro original formula]

[Full spectrum multiple with whole food baae, herbs, antioxidants, enzymes and more!]

(Brand Solaray)

**Note: Take 3 capsules out of 6 daily

(2) Vitamin C 1000mg

(Brand Solaray)

**Note: Take 1 capsule daily

(3) Vitamin D 1000 iu softgels

(Brand Now Foods)

**Note: Take 1 softgel daily

(4) Calcium Citrate 1000mg

[With vitamin D-3]

(Brand Solaray)

**Note: Take 2 capsules of 4 daily

(5) B Complex 100

[Containing B1, B2, B3, B6, Folic acid, B12, Biotin, Panthothenic acid, choline, inositol, PABA]

(Brand Now Foods)

**Note: Take 1 capsule daily

(6) B12 15000 mcg

(Brand Doctor's Best)

**Note: Take 1 capsule daily

(7) Folic acid 800 mcg with B12

(Brand Now Foods)

**Note: Take 1 tablet daily

(8) Ultra Omega 3 Fish oil 

[500 EPA/250 DHA] 180 softgels

(Brand Now Foods)

**Note: Take 1 softgel daily

(9) CoQ10 200mg

(Brand Doctor's Best)

**Note: Take 1 capsule daily

(10) Biotin 5000 mcg 120 veg capsules

(Brand Now Foods) S$12.29

**Note: Take 1 capsule daily

(11) Zinc Balance

[With Zinc 15mg, Copper 1 mg]

(Brand Jarrow)

**Note: Take 1 capsule daily

(12) TMG 1000mg

(Brand Now Foods)

**Note: Take 1 tablet daily

(13) Curcumin 500mg

(Brand Doctor's Best)

**Note: Take 1 capsule daily

(14) Alpha Lipoid acid 600mg

(Brand Doctor's Best)

**Note: Take 1 capsule daily

(15) Taurine 1000mg 

(Brand Now Foods)

**Note: Take 1 capsule daily

(16) Natural Resveratrol 200mg

(Brand Now Foods)

**Note: Take 1 capsule daily

(17) Aged garlic extract 600mg

(Brand Kyolic)

**Note: Take 2 capsules of 4 daily

Total number of capsules, tablets, or softgels taken daily

= 21

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DIETARY SUPPLEMENT USE DURING PREGNANCY

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647760/

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DIETARY SUPPLEMENT USE DURING PREGNANCY

The American Dietetic Association and the Institute of Medicine recommend that all pregnant women who smoke or abuse alcohol or drugs take multivitamin and multimineral supplements as should those with iron deficiency anemia or poor-quality diets (2, 27). This recommendation also applies to vegans and women carrying ≥2 fetuses. In addition, because of the convincing evidence that periconceptional folic acid supplementation can decrease neural tube defects in some women, many health organizations recommend routine folic acid supplementation during this period. For example, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all women of childbearing age who are capable of becoming pregnant should consume 0.4 mg/d folic acid. This recommendation has been adopted by several clinical practice associations, such as the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition (28, 29). Similarly, the Institute of Medicine recommends that “to reduce the risk of neural tube defects, women able to become pregnant should take 0.4 mg of folic acid daily from fortified foods, supplements, or both, in addition to consuming food folate from a varied diet” (30). Data from the 2005 March of Dimes Gallup survey indicated that only 33% of US women of childbearing age reported taking supplemental folic acid daily (31).

Furthermore, because of the recognized benefits of additional iron during pregnancy, the World Health Organization recommends daily iron supplementation (60 mg/d) for all pregnant women for 6 mo or, if 6 mo of treatment cannot be achieved during the pregnancy, either continuation of supplementation during the postpartum period or an increased dosage of 120 mg/d iron during pregnancy (32, 33). Other recommendations include that of the CDC, which advises that oral, low-dose (30 mg/d) supplements of iron be provided to all pregnant women at the first prenatal visit (34). To our knowledge, the only other essential nutrient for which there is a recommendation for supplementation during pregnancy is iodine: the American Thyroid Association recommends that all pregnant women living in the United States or Canada consume 150 μg/d of supplemental iodine (35).

施一公：生命科学认知的极限.The Collapsed physical world, Life science cognitive limit.

ichu peng(彭易秋)StPaul Investment is a VC firm that helps build infrastructure & develop platforms in digital courses and healthcare

施一公：生命科学认知的极限.The Collapsed physical world, Life science cognitive limit.

October 7, 2017 • 0 Likes • 0 Comments

现在我们发现，我们认知的物质，仅仅是这个宇宙的5%。没有任何联系的二个量子，可以如神一般的发生纠缠。把意识放到分子，量子态去分析，意识其实也是一种物质..我的认知再度崩塌了，世界可能根本就不存在……量子纠缠的传导速度，至少4倍于光速。搅乱了的哲学世界

我们原来认为世界是物质的，没有神，没有特异功能，意识是和物质相对立的另一种存在。。

世界如此未知，人类如此愚昧，我们还有什么物事必须难以释怀？了解这些，是为了更加深刻的认知世界。我们既要看懂未来、又得看清自己！

来源：施一公 选自《生命科学认知的极限》的演讲

1、生命的本质和生命的极限

我们先看看人从哪而来?

人的整个出生过程是这样的：一个精子在卵子表面不停地游逛，寻找一个入口，找到合适位点以后，会分泌一些酶，然后钻进去。

卵子很聪明，一般不会让第二个精子再有机会，所以一有精子进来，马上把入口封死。

精子进来后就被降解，然后精子的细胞核和卵子的细胞核结合，形成双倍体，受精卵开始发育，逐渐分裂为2个细胞、再分裂为4个细胞、8个细胞、16个细胞，此时受精卵还在子宫外面游逛，还没有着床。继续分裂下去，形成64个细胞、128个细胞，这时它快要找到着床地点了。着床之后，继续发育。

你们可能知道也可能不知道，短短四个礼拜，胎儿开始有心跳。慢慢地，神经管形成了，脊椎形成了，四肢开始发育，通过细胞凋亡，开始形成手指头。到四五个月的时候，胎儿开始在母亲肚子里踢腾。

出生之前，胎儿的大脑发育非常快，各种神经突触迅速形成。然而不要忘了，这样一个鲜活的生命来自于一个受精卵。

生命开始之后，生命的历程很漫长，这里面有很多苦恼。我记得我看过一首打油诗是这样说的：

0岁闪亮登场，

10岁茁壮成长，

20岁为情彷徨，

30岁拼命打闯，

40岁基本定向，

50岁回头望望，

60岁告老还乡，

70岁搓搓麻将，

80岁晒晒太阳，

90岁躺在床上，

100岁挂在墙上。

我们在用我们的五官，就是视觉、嗅觉、听觉、味觉、触觉理解这个世界。这个过程是不是客观的呢，肯定不是客观的。我们的五官感受世界以后，把信息全部集中到大脑，但是我们不知道大脑是如何工作的，所以在这方面也不能叫客观。

我们人究竟是什么呢?仔细想一想，人是怎么样处理信息的呢?我们先来对信息也就是物质做一个定义。

我们有三个层面的物质：

第一个物质是宏观的，就是我们可以感知到的，直觉可以看到的东西，比如人是一个物质，房子也是一个物质，天安门、故宫都是物质。

第二个层面是微观的，包括眼睛看不到的东西也叫微观，我们可以借助仪器感知到、测量到，从直觉上认为它存在，比如说原子、分子、蛋白，比如说很远的一百亿光年以外的星球。

第三个层面，就是超微观的物质。对这一类，我们只能理论推测，用实验验证，但是从来不知道它是什么，包括量子，包括光子。尽管知道粒子可以有自旋和能级、能量，但是我们真的很难通过直觉理解，这就是超微观世界。

但尽管如此，我们还是要想一想，这个世界是超微观世界决定微观世界，微观世界决定宏观世界。

我们人是什么?人就是宏观世界里的一个个体，所以我们的本质一定是由微观世界决定，再由超微观世界决定。我毫不怀疑我就是一个薛定谔方程、一个生命形式、一个能量形式，但不知道怎么解这个方程，不知道思维是怎么产生的，仅此而已。我相信，你也应该相信，我们每个人不仅是一堆原子，而是一堆粒子构成的。

所以，我们真的就是一堆由粒子构成的原子，如此之简单。我们有多少原子?大约有6×10^27个原子，形成大约60种不同的元素，但真正的比较多的元素，不过区区11种。原子通过共价键形成分子，分子聚在一起形成分子聚集体，然后形成小的细胞器、细胞、组织、器官，最后形成一个整体。

但是你会觉得，不管你怎么做研究，都无法解释人的意识，这超越了我们能说出和能感知的层面。我认为要解释意识，一定得超出前两个层次，到量子力学层面去考察。我自己认为是这样的。

量子纠缠是可以进化的现象吗?

我想班门弄斧讲一讲量子纠缠。1935年，当爱因斯坦(Einstein)和波多尔斯基(Podolsky)以及罗森(Rosen)一起，写出了著名的EPR佯谬之后，提出了量子纠缠。实际上“量子纠缠”这个词并不是爱因斯坦提出来的，而是薛定谔提出来的，当时看来是很不可思议的。

量子纠缠的意思是说，两个纠缠的量子不管相距多远，它们都不是独立事件。当你对一个量子进行测量的时候，另外一个相距很远的量子居然也可以被人知道它的状态，可以被关联地测量，很不可思议。但这样一个简单的现象既然存在于客观世界，我相信它会无处不在，包括存在于我们的人体里。

加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校(UCSB)著名的理论和实验物理学家Matthew  Fisher就笃信，人的意识、记忆和思维是量子纠缠的，要用量子理论来解释。那怎么证明呢?

他说我一定要在实物上证明，要寻找量子纠缠的实体。很多科学家找了很长时间，发现神经细胞里面的微管可以形成量子纠缠，但是微管的时间尺度是10^(-20)秒到10^(-13)秒，远远小于人的记忆和意识的形成时间。但是他通过理论的实践，以模拟的方式找到了，他正在进行实验验证。

生命科学认知的极限

比如把磷和钙放在一起，也就是磷酸钙，当磷酸钙以波斯纳分子集群(Posner molecule or cluster)形式存在的时候，它的量子纠缠时间可以长达105秒！

能把这样一个极其脆弱的，对声、光、电、热都极其敏感的量子纠缠现象的持续时间提高15个数量级，那么如果再提高5个数量级，就可以达到年的水平，以年为单位来保存量子纠缠现象。那么依此类推，你们觉不觉得，有一天我们人类会发现量子纠缠也是一个可以进化的现象，它可以保存一百年、一千年、一万年。也就是说，量子纠缠，它在远古的时候就存在了，在进化过程中被保存了下来。

我要问你们四个问题：

第一个问题，你们相信有第六感官吗?很多人会说不相信。

第二个问题，有没有可能，两个人会以未知的方式进行交流?你会说也许，不会像第一个问题那样肯定地说不信。

第三个问题，量子纠缠是否存在于人类的认知世界里面?存在于大脑里?我相信听了我的讲座，你会觉得很有可能。

第四个问题，量子纠缠是不是适用于地球上的物质呢?你一定会说一定适用，因为我们已经证明了。

简单讲，这四个问题是完全一样的问题，倒推回去就说明一定有第六感官，只是我们无法感受，所以叫“第六感官”。

那么我们人究竟是什么?我们只不过是由一个细胞走过来的，就是受精卵，所有受精卵在35亿年以前，都来自于同一个细胞，同一团物质，一个处于复杂的量子纠缠的体系，就这么简单。

其实我不知道这里面是什么，但是我相信它。我每呼吸一次会摄入10^22次方的氧原子进入我的身体，进入共价结构。这一口呼吸至少有10^4次方以上的氧原子，被处在世界上一个很遥远角落里的，我没有见过的人呼吸过至少一次，这在一个月内就会做到，人一辈子一直在这么做。而两个人在一个房间里的时候，一天可以有63克的氧气在彼此的肺当中交换。

科学发展到今天，我们看世界完全像盲人摸象一样，我们看到的世界是有形的，我们自己认为它是客观的世界。其实我们已知的物质的质量在宇宙中只占4%，其余96%的物质的存在形式是我们根本不知道的，我们叫它暗物质和暗能量。

那么盲人摸象般地认识世界是科学吗?一定是科学。每个人摸的都是真实存在，而且都是客观存在的，都是看得见摸得着的，我们现在也是如此。只是我们不知道摸的是象的后背，还是尾巴，还是耳朵。我认为人类的认知极限就在于，我们是一堆原子，我们处在宏观世界，但我们希望隔着两个世界去看超微观世界。那是一个最美好的、极其美妙的世界。

2、世界还有多少我们不知道的东西？

随着量子卫星上天，有关量子的事科普一下： 当代科技最前沿发现了什么？竟然颠覆人类世界观！

我们的世界，因为几个最新的科学，全乱了！

一、搅乱了世界的3项科学成果

（一）暗物质

1、怎么发现有暗物质？

我们原来认识的宇宙的形态，是星球与星球之间通过万有引力相互吸引，你绕我转，我绕他转，星球们忙乱而有序。

但后来，科学家通过计算星球与星球之间的引力发现，星球自身的这点引力，远远不够维持一个个完整的星系。如果星系、星球间仅仅只有现有质量的万有引力支持的话，宇宙应是一盘散沙。宇宙之所以能维持现有秩序，只能是因为还有其他物质。而这种物质，目前为止，我们都没有看到并找到，所以，称之暗物质。

2、暗物质有多少？

科学家通过计算，要保持现在宇宙的运行秩序，暗物质的质量，必须5倍于我们现在看到的物质。

3、有没有观测到暗物质？

现在没有真正的测到暗物质。只是能发现光线在经过某处时发生偏转，而该区域没有我们能看到的物质，也没有黑洞。

4、黑洞是不是暗物质？

不是。黑洞只是光出不来，它发出其他射线，它仍然是常规物质。

（二）暗能量

1、怎么发现有暗能量？

科学家观测发现，我们现在的宇宙，不仅在不断膨胀，而且在加速膨胀。如果匀速膨胀，还可以理解。但加速膨胀，就需要有新的能量的加入。这能量是啥？科学家也搞不清，取名叫暗能量。

2、暗能量有多少？

科学家通过计算，通过质能转换方程Ｅ＝MC2计算，要维持当前宇宙的这种膨胀速度，暗能量应该是现有物质和暗物质总和的一倍还要多。

3、有没有找到暗能量？

目前为止，还没有。

（三）量子纠缠

现代科学发现，对物质的研究，在进入分子、原子、量子等微观级别后，意外非常大。出现了超导体、纳米级、石墨烯等革命性的材料，出现从分子水平治愈癌症的奇迹。而最神奇的是——量子纠缠。

1、什么是量子纠缠？

科学实验发现，二个没有任何关系的量子，会在不同位置出现完全相关的相同表现。如相隔很远（不是量子级的远，是公里、光年甚至更远）的二个量子，之间并没有任何常规联系，一个出现状态变化，另一个几乎在相同的时间出现相同的状态变化，而且不是巧合。

2、有没有观测到量子纠缠？

量子纠缠是经理论提出，实验验证了的。科学家已经实现了6-8个离子的纠缠态。我国科学家实现了13公里级的量子纠缠态的拆分、发送。

二、搅乱了的世界

（一）搅乱了的哲学世界

我们原来认为世界是物质的，没有神，没有特异功能，意识是和物质相对立的另一种存在。

现在我们发现，我们认知的物质，仅仅是这个宇宙的5%。没有任何联系的二个量子，可以如神一般的发生纠缠。把意识放到分子，量子态去分析，意识其实也是一种物质。

既然宇宙中还有95%的我们不知道的物质，那灵魂、鬼都可以存在。既然量子能纠缠，那第六感、特异功能也可以存在。同时，谁能保证在这些未知的物质中，有一些物质或生灵，它能通过量子纠缠，完全彻底地影响我们的各个状态？于是，神也可以存在。

（二）坍塌了的物理世界

我们现在所有的物理学理论，都以光速不可超越为基础。而据测定，量子纠缠的传导速度，至少4倍于光速。

（三）崩溃的内心世界。

科技发展到今天，我们看到的世界，仅仅是整个世界的5%。这和1000年前人类不知道有空气，不知道有电场、磁场，不认识元素，以为天圆地方相比，我们的未知世界还要多得多，多到难以想像。

世界如此未知，人类如此愚昧，我们还有什么物事必须难以释怀？了解这些，是为了更加深刻的认知世界。我们既要看懂未来、又得看清自己！

Google Translate

Now we find that the material we know is only 5% of the universe. There is no contact with the two quantum, can be like God in the event of entanglement. The consciousness into the molecule, the quantum state to analyze, consciousness is actually a substance .. my cognition once again collapsed, the world may not exist ... ... quantum entanglement of conduction speed, at least 4 times the speed of light. Disrupting the philosophical world

We originally thought that the world was material, no God, no specific function, consciousness and material existence is another kind of existence. The

The world is so unknown that human beings are so ignorant that we have something that must be difficult to understand? Understand these, is to a more profound understanding of the world. We have to understand the future, but also see themselves!

Source: Shi Yigong 's speech from "The Limit of Life Science Cognition"

1, the nature of life and the limits of life

Let's see where people come from.

The whole process of birth is like this: a sperm in the egg surface kept wandering, looking for an entrance, find the right place later, will secrete some enzymes, and then drill into.

The egg is very clever, generally do not let the second sperm again chance, so a sperm came in, immediately sealed the entrance.

After the sperm came in, it was degraded, and then the nucleus of the sperm and the nucleus of the egg were combined to form a diploid. The fertilized egg began to develop and gradually split into two cells, divided into four cells, eight cells, six cells, When the fertilized eggs are still wandering outside the womb, not implanted. Continue to split down to form 64 cells, 128 cells, then it is about to find the implanted place. After implantation, continue to develop.

You may know or may not know, just four weeks, the fetus began to heartbeat. Slowly, the neural tube formed, the spine formed, the limbs began to develop, through the cell apoptosis, began to form a finger. To four or five months when the fetus began to play in the mother's stomach.

Before birth, the fetal brain development is very fast, a variety of synapses quickly formed. But do not forget that such a fresh life comes from a fertilized egg.

After the start of life, the course of life is very long, there are a lot of distress. I remember that I had seen a poem to say this:

0-year-old debut,

10 years old thrive,

20 years old for anxious,

30 years old desperately hit,

40 years old basic orientation,

50 years old looking back,

60 years old to return home,

70-year-old rub mahjong,

80 years old sun drying,

90 years old lying in bed,

100 years old hanging on the wall.

We use our facial features, that is, visual, smell, hearing, taste, touch to understand the world. This process is not objective, it is certainly not objective. Our facial features after the world, the information all concentrated to the brain, but we do not know how the brain is working, so in this regard can not be called objective.

What is our people? Think about how people are dealing with information? Let's start by making a definition of information and material.

We have three levels of material:

The first material is macroscopic, that is, we can perceive, intuition can see things, such as people is a material, the house is a material, Tiananmen Square, the Forbidden City are material.

The second level is microscopic, including what the eye can not see is also called microscopic, we can use the instrument to perceive, measured, intuitively think that it exists, such as atoms, molecules, proteins, such as very far Billions of light years outside the planet.

The third level is the ultramicro material. For this class, we can only speculate, experimentally validate, but never know what it is, including quantum, including photons. Although knowing that the particles can have spin and energy levels, energy, but we really hard to understand by intuition, which is the ultra-microscopic world.

But nevertheless, we still have to think about it, this world is the ultra-microscopic world to determine the microscopic world, the microscopic world determines the macro world.

What is our people? Man is an individual in the macro world, so our essence must be determined by the microscopic world, and then by the ultra-microscopic world decision. I have no doubt that I am a Schrodinger equation, a form of life, an energy form, but do not know how to solve this equation, do not know how thinking is generated, nothing more. I believe that you should also believe that each of us is not only a pile of atoms, but a pile of particles.

So, we really are a pile of atoms composed of particles, so simple. How many atoms do we have? There are about 6 × 10 ^ 27 atoms, forming about 60 different elements, but the real more elements, but the area 11 species. The atoms form molecules through covalent bonds, molecules together to form molecular aggregates, and then form small organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and finally form a whole.

But you will feel that no matter how you do research, can not explain the human consciousness, which goes beyond what we can say and can perceive the level. I think to explain the consciousness, must be beyond the first two levels, to the level of quantum mechanics to study. I think it is like this.

Is quantum entanglement an evolutionary phenomenon?

I want to talk about the quantum entanglement. In 1935, when Einstein and Podolsky and Rosen put together the famous EPR paradox, the quantum entanglement was raised. In fact, the word "quantum entanglement" is not Einstein put forward, but Schrodinger put forward, then it seems very incredible.

Quantum entanglement means that two entangled quantum no matter how far apart, they are not independent events. When you measure a quantum, another very far away from the quantum can actually be known to its state, can be associated with the measurement, it is incredible. But since a simple phenomenon exists in the objective world, I believe it will be everywhere, including in our body.

Matthew Fisher, a well-known theoretical and experimental physicist at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), believes that human consciousness, memory, and thinking are quantum entanglement, and are explained by quantum theory. How does that prove?

He said that I must prove in kind, to find quantum entangled entities. Many scientists have looked for a long time to find that the microtubules inside the nerve cells can form quantum entanglement, but the time scale of the microtubules is 10 ^ (- 20) seconds to 10 ^ (- 13) seconds, much smaller than the memory The formation of consciousness. But he through the practice of the theory to find a way to simulate, he is conducting experimental verification.

The Limit of Life Science Cognition

For example, put phosphorus and calcium together, that is, calcium phosphate, when the calcium phosphate to Posner molecule cluster (Posner molecule or cluster) form of time, its quantum entanglement time can be up to 105 seconds!

Can increase the duration of such an extremely fragile quantum entanglement, which is extremely sensitive to sound, light, electricity, and heat, by 15 orders of magnitude, and if it is increased by five orders of magnitude, it can reach the level of the year, To preserve quantum entanglement. So and so on, you do not feel that one day we humans will find quantum entanglement is also an evolutionary phenomenon, it can save a hundred years, a thousand years, ten thousand years. That is, quantum entanglement, which existed in ancient times, was preserved in the evolutionary process.

I would like to ask you four questions:

The first question, do you believe that there is a sixth senses? Many people will say no.

The second question, is it possible, two people will communicate in an unknown way? You may say that may not be as sure as the first question that do not believe.

The third question is whether quantum entanglement exists in the human cognitive world and exists in the brain? I believe that listening to my lecture, you will find it possible.

The fourth question, quantum entanglement is not applicable to the material on the earth? You will certainly say that apply, because we have proved.

Simply speaking, these four questions are exactly the same problem, push back to show that there must be a sixth sensory, but we can not feel, so called "sixth senses."

So what are we people? We are just coming from a cell, that is, fertilized eggs, all fertilized eggs in 3.5 billion years ago, all from the same cell, the same mass of material, a complex quantum entanglement system ,It's that simple.

Actually I do not know what's inside, but I believe it. I breathe once every 10 kilograms of oxygen into my body, into the covalent structure. This breath is at least 10 ^ 4 times more oxygen atoms, is in a very distant corner of the world, I have not seen people breathe at least once, which will be done in a month, people a lifetime Has been doing so. While two people in a room when the day can have 63 grams of oxygen in each other's lungs which exchange.

Science development to today, we see the world is like the blind like the same, we see the world is tangible, we think it is an objective world. In fact, we know the quality of the material in the universe only 4%, the remaining 96% of the material in the form of what we do not know, we call it dark matter and dark energy.

So the blind man feels like the world is science? Must be science. Everyone touched the real existence, and are objective existence, are tangible, and we are now so But we do not know the touch is like the back, or the tail, or ears. I think the human cognitive limit is that we are a pile of atoms, we are in the macro world, but we hope that across the world to see the ultra-microscopic world. It is one of the most beautiful, very wonderful world.

2, the world there are many things we do not know?

With the quantum satellite heaven, the quantum of things about science: what is the forefront of contemporary technology found? Even to subvert the human world view!

Our world, because a few of the latest science, all messy!

One, upset the world's three scientific results

(A) dark matter

1, how to find a dark matter?

The form of the universe we knew earlier was that the planet and the planet were attracted to each other by gravity, and that you were turning around me, that I would turn around and the stars were hectic and orderly.

But later, by calculating the gravitational force between the planet and the planet, the gravitational force of the planet itself is far from enough to maintain a complete galaxy. If the galaxy, the planet is only the existing quality of the gravitational support, the universe should be a mess. The universe has been able to maintain the existing order, only because there are other substances. And this substance, so far we have not seen and found it, so called the dark matter.

2, how much dark matter?

Scientists through the calculation, to maintain the current order of the universe, the quality of dark matter, must be 5 times the material we now see.

3, have not observed dark matter?

Now there is no real measure of dark matter. Just to find the light in a place when the deflection occurs, and the region we can not see the material, there is no black hole.

4, black hole is not dark matter?

No. The black hole just does not come out of light, it sends other rays, it is still the conventional matter.

(B) dark energy

1, how to find dark energy?

Scientists observed that our current universe, not only in the constant expansion, but also in the accelerated expansion. If the uniform expansion, but also understand. But to accelerate the expansion, you need to join the new energy. What is this energy? Scientists are also confused, called the dark energy.

2, how much dark energy?

Scientists calculate the velocity of the current universe by calculating the energy conversion equation E = MC2, and the dark energy should be more than twice the sum of the existing matter and the dark matter.

3, have not found dark energy?

So far, not yet.

(3) Quantum entanglement

Modern science found that the study of matter, in the molecular, atomic, quantum and other micro-level, the accident is very large. The emergence of superconductors, nanoscale, graphene and other revolutionary materials, appear from the molecular level to cure cancer miracle. And the most amazing is - quantum entanglement.

1, what is quantum entanglement?

Scientific experiments have found that the two quantumes that do not have any relationship will appear exactly the same in different locations. Such as the two qubits that are far apart (not quantum-level far, is kilometers, light years or even farther away), there is no regular contact between one of the state changes and the other at the same time almost the same state change , And not coincidence.

2, have there been observed quantum entanglement?

Quantum entanglement is proposed by theory and experimentally verified. Scientists have achieved an entangled state of 6-8 ions. China's scientists to achieve a 13-kilometer level of quantum entangled state of the split, send.

Second, the world upset

(A) disrupted the philosophical world

We originally thought that the world was material, no God, no specific function, consciousness and material existence is another kind of existence.

Now we find that the material we know is only 5% of the universe. There is no contact with the two quantum, can be like God in the event of entanglement. The consciousness into the molecules, the quantum state to analyze, consciousness is actually a substance.

Since there are 95% of the universe we do not know the material, that soul, ghosts can exist. Since the quantum can be entangled, then the sixth sense, specific function can also exist. At the same time, who can guarantee that in these unknown substances, there are some substances or creatures, it can through the quantum entanglement, completely completely affect our various states? So God can also exist.

(B) the physical world that collapsed

We now all the theory of physics, are based on the speed of light can not be exceeded. According to the determination, quantum entanglement of conduction velocity, at least 4 times the speed of light.

(C) the inner world of collapse.

Science and technology to today, we see the world, only 5% of the whole world. This and 1000 years ago, humans do not know the air, do not know the electric field, magnetic field, do not know the elements, that day round area compared to our unknown world even more, more difficult to imagine.

The world is so unknown that human beings are so ignorant that we have something that must be difficult to understand? Understand these, is to a more profound understanding of the world. We have to understand the future, but also see themselves!

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ichu peng(彭易秋)StPaul Investment is a VC firm that helps build infrastructure & develop platforms in digital courses and healthcare

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施一公：生命的本质和生命的极限

施一公：生命的本质和生命的极限

科学出版社

2017-10-20

17小时前 · 科学出版社官方头条号

施一公教授

摘要：昨日 (2016-01-17)，清华大学副校长、清华大学生命科学学院院长，中国科学院院士施一公教授在“未来论坛”年会上发表题为《生命科学认知的极限》的演讲。(Source: https://baijia.baidu.com/s?old_id=299877)

清华大学副校长、清华大学生命科学学院院长，中国科学员院士施一公教授曾在“未来论坛”年会上发表题为《生命科学认知的极限》的演讲。今天我们一起来温故知新。

与以往不同的是，施一公此番并未局限于生命医学，他从人类生命饱受心血管疾病、癌症和神经退行性疾病的三大挑战开始，讲述了人类如何通过科学来接受生命挑战。但最终，人对生命认知的极限问题将他的科学思索，由生物医学带向量子力学，向我们展现了一个生物学家面对生命之谜的不懈追问。

目前有些学科在神经和大脑上对意识进行了广泛而深入的研究，虽然对大脑的许多功能有了不少的了解，但是对于意识本身仍然是个迷，仍然无法解释“意识的难题”（the hard problem of consciousness）。

科技发展到今天，我们看到的世界，仅仅是整个世界的5%。这和1000年前人类不知道有空气，不知道有电场、磁场，不认识元素，以为天圆地方相比，我们的未知世界还要多得多，多到难以想像。

今后，我们或许将发现，有些所谓的“迷信”，或是一种超级科学！

以下是演讲全文

今天，我想跟大家探讨一下生命的本质和生命的极限。

我们先看看人从哪而来?人的整个出生过程是这样的：一个精子在卵子表面不停地游逛，寻找一个入口，找到合适位点以后，会分泌一些酶，然后钻进去。卵子很聪明，一般不会让第二个精子再有机会，所以一有精子进来，马上把入口封死。

精子进来后就被降解，然后精子的细胞核和卵子的细胞核结合，形成双倍体，受精卵开始发育，逐渐分裂为2个细胞、再分裂为4个细胞、8个细胞、16个细胞，此时受精卵还在子宫外面游逛，还没有着床。继续分裂下去，形成64个细胞、128个细胞，这时它快要找到着床地点了。着床之后，继续发育。

你们可能知道也可能不知道，短短四个礼拜，胎儿开始有心跳。慢慢地，神经管形成了，脊椎形成了，四肢开始发育，通过细胞凋亡，开始形成手指头。到四五个月的时候，胎儿开始在母亲肚子里踢腾。

出生之前，胎儿的大脑发育非常快，各种神经突触迅速形成。然而不要忘了，这样一个鲜活的生命来自于一个受精卵。

生命开始之后，生命的历程很漫长，这里面有很多苦恼。我记得我看过一首打油诗是这样说的：0岁闪亮登场，10岁茁壮成长，20岁为情彷徨，30岁拼命打闯，40岁基本定向，50岁回头望望，60岁告老还乡，70岁搓搓麻将，80岁晒晒太阳，90岁躺在床上，100岁挂在墙上。

科学如何应对生命挑战

我们生命的历程饱受挑战，有很多来自于疾病，其中三类疾病和人类有很大关系。

其中心血管疾病是最重要的杀手，仅在中国每年就有303万人死于心血管疾病，占32%。第二种疾病也很可怕，就是癌症，我们身边的人常常被癌症夺去生命，中国每年有265万人死于癌症，占28%。第三类疾病死亡率不高，但是对人的困扰很大，严重影响生活质量，就是神经退行性疾病，有多位世界名人都曾受这类疾病的折磨。此外还有34%的人死于其他原因，其中大部分是传染病，一小部分是交通事故和意外伤害。

我今天想告诉大家的是，我们如何运用科学去接受生命的挑战。

在古代，我们在黑暗中摸索，比如说当代的屠呦呦为找到治疗疟疾的方法，就是看了古典药学得到灵感，导致了青蒿素的发现。后来弗莱明发现青霉素，已经是用科学的方法论来探索。1985年以后，由于戈尔茨坦和布朗发现了低密度脂肪颗粒的受体(LDL受体)，开启了真正的征服心血管疾病的历程。人类始终用科学在应对挑战，从简单的摸索和经验积累，到最后通过基础研究驱使药物的发现。我有三个例子在此分享。

第一个例子就是心血管疾病。研究发现，导致心血管形成斑块的低密度脂蛋白和受体结合以后会被细胞内吞，内吞以后低密度脂肪的颗粒会被降解，而受体会回到细胞表面，可以重生，再去把新的低密度脂蛋白拉到细胞内去，从而减少对人体有害的低密度脂蛋白。1985年，戈尔茨坦和布朗两位科学家，(也是在座的王晓东的博士后导师)，就是因为发现了低密度脂蛋白的受体而获得诺贝尔生理或医学奖。

在戈尔茨坦、布朗和日本科学家Endo Akira等一大批人的努力下，很多降胆固醇的他汀类药物问世了，包括1987年问世的第一个心血管疾病的药物。迄今为止，最有名的他汀类药物立普妥(阿托伐他汀)已经过了专利保护期，在座的就应该有人服用过这种药。在它于2011年专利过期之前，全球销售额高达160亿美元，堪称药神。

我们一直在用基础研究去探索最前沿的和疾病做斗争的方式，我们虽然有很多他汀类药物，但是很多高血脂的人仅仅靠吃他汀类药物，并不能阻止心血管软斑块和硬斑块的形成。为什么呢?科学家发现，是因为这些人体内的低密度脂蛋白受体逐渐被降解得找不到了，如何把他们的受体的数量恢复出来，就是问题的核心。

几年之前，科学家找到了PCSK9蛋白，它可以结合低密度脂肪蛋白的受体。结合到受体以后，低密度脂蛋白颗粒被受体一起拉到细胞内内吞了，也就是说，低密度脂蛋白受体在被细胞内吞的同时就牺牲了，也就不能再把流淌于血液中的低密度脂蛋白降解掉，这样低密度脂蛋白大量堆积，就形成了软斑块和硬斑块，最后带来致命的心血管疾病。这个过程是基础研究发现的，而发现这个过程的著名科学家海伦，是一位女性，获得了2015年的生命科学的突破奖。

第二个例子我们讲讲治疗癌症的新的曙光，也就是大家听过很多次的“免疫疗法”。这个免疫疗法最有名的一个例子，是2015年8月20日，美国前总统卡特向所有世界上关心他的人宣布，自己得了晚期黑色素瘤，而且当时已经有4个2毫米大的肿瘤在脑子里，已经扩散了，他认为自己的时间不多了。然而短短3个月以后，2015年12月6日，他再次出现在大家面前，告诉人们，通过分子疗法，他脑子里的4个肿瘤已经完全找不到了。

他的分子疗法就包括一个很有名的免疫疗法，就是针对PD-1表面受体的单克隆疗法。免疫疗法从根本上改变了人类对疾病的斗争方式。这种疗法的创始人，也是这一概念的发现者James Allison同样获得了生命科学突破奖。对这一过程也做出了重大贡献的科学家中，还包括一位中国人，就是陈列平博士。

第三个例子是神经退行性疾病。非常遗憾，至今人类根本不知道病因，尽管我可以告诉大家很多的理论、数据和实践，但我们只是大概知道这个病是怎么回事。现在世界上有4700万人饱受这种疾病的困扰，预计2050年时，每3秒钟就有一个新的病人出现，我们会有超过一亿三千万人受它的困扰。

神经退行性疾病中最有名的就是老年痴呆症症，也叫阿尔茨海默综合症。得这个病的病人很痛苦，因为生活不能自理。老年痴呆晚期的患者大脑里面有一个个很可怕的洞，大脑被吞噬掉了。虽然不知道到底是什么原因导致了老年痴呆症，但是大家公认，如果从分子水平上认识老年痴呆症，也许会为治疗带来曙光。

我自己的实验室也在朝这个方向努力。我们去年在原子分辨率上首次报道了与老年痴呆有直接关系的人源γ分泌酶的结构，这个人源γ分泌酶被认为是导致老年痴呆症必不可少的一个致病蛋白，所以也许通过后续的深化研究，我们可以找到治疗老年痴呆症的办法。

认知生命有极限

我举了心血管疾病、癌症、老年痴呆症的例子，最后过渡到大脑。不要说我们对老年痴呆症的病因不清楚，对大脑这样一个神秘的器官我们也知之甚少，我们基本上可以说什么都不知道。尽管我们有很好的学习记忆的模型，我们可以模拟出学习记忆的过程，但究竟是不是这样？我们真的不知道。

我甚至认为包括我们的电信号记录的神经冲动电位，只是一个表象，不一定是学习记忆的本质。为什么?因为我们确实是这样一个生物人，是一堆原子构成的人在理解生命。

我们在用我们的五官，就是视觉、嗅觉、听觉、味觉、触觉理解这个世界。这个过程是不是客观的呢，肯定不是客观的。我们的五官感受世界以后，把信息全部集中到大脑，但是我们不知道大脑是如何工作的，所以在这方面也不能叫客观。

我们人究竟是什么呢?仔细想一想，人是怎么样处理信息的呢?我们先来对信息也就是物质做一个定义。我们有三个层面的物质：第一个物质是宏观的，就是我们可以感知到的，直觉可以看到的东西，比如人是一个物质，房子也是一个物质，天安门、故宫都是物质。第二个层面是微观的，包括眼睛看不到的东西也叫微观，我们可以借助仪器感知到、测量到，从直觉上认为它存在，比如说原子、分子、蛋白，比如说很远的一百亿光年以外的星球。第三个层面，就是超微观的物质。对这一类，我们只能理论推测，用实验验证，但是从来不知道它是什么，包括量子，包括光子。尽管知道粒子可以有自旋和能级、能量，但是我们真的很难通过直觉理解，这就是超微观世界。

但尽管如此，我们还是要想一想，这个世界是超微观世界决定微观世界，微观世界决定宏观世界。我们人是什么?人就是宏观世界里的一个个体，所以我们的本质一定是由微观世界决定，再由超微观世界决定。我毫不怀疑我就是一个薛定谔方程、一个生命形式、一个能量形式，但不知道怎么解这个方程，不知道思维是怎么产生的，仅此而已。我相信，你也应该相信，我们每个人不仅是一堆原子，而是一堆粒子构成的。

所以，我们真的就是一堆由粒子构成的原子，如此之简单。我们有多少原子?大约有6×10^27个原子，形成大约60种不同的元素，但真正的比较多的元素，不过区区11种。原子通过共价键形成分子，分子聚在一起形成分子聚集体，然后形成小的细胞器、细胞、组织、器官，最后形成一个整体。但是你会觉得，不管你怎么做研究，都无法解释人的意识，这超越了我们能说出和能感知的层面。我认为要解释意识，一定得超出前两个层次，到量子力学层面去考察。我自己认为是这样的。

量子纠缠是可以进化的现象吗?

所以我想班门弄斧讲一讲量子纠缠。1935年，当爱因斯坦(Einstein)和波多尔斯基(Podolsky)以及罗森(Rosen)一起，写出了著名的EPR佯谬之后，提出了量子纠缠。实际上“量子纠缠”这个词并不是爱因斯坦提出来的，而是薛定谔提出来的，当时看来是很不可思议的。

量子纠缠的意思是说，两个纠缠的量子不管相距多远，它们都不是独立事件。当你对一个量子进行测量的时候，另外一个相距很远的量子居然也可以被人知道它的状态，可以被关联地测量，很不可思议。但这样一个简单的现象既然存在于客观世界，我相信它会无处不在，包括存在于我们的人体里。是不是这样呢?当然是这样。量子纠缠怎么样影响我们的生命，其实我们不知道，为什么?因为这不是我们可以用直觉去感受的。

加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校(UCSB)著名的理论和实验物理学家MatthewFisher就笃信，人的意识、记忆和思维是量子纠缠的，要用量子理论来解释。那怎么证明呢?他说我一定要在实物上证明，要寻找量子纠缠的实体。很多科学家找了很长时间，发现神经细胞里面的微管可以形成量子纠缠，但是微管的时间尺度是10^(-20)秒到10^(-13)秒，远远小于人的记忆和意识的形成时间。但是他通过理论的实践，以模拟的方式找到了，他正在进行实验验证。

生命科学认知的极限

比如把磷和钙放在一起，也就是磷酸钙，当磷酸钙以波斯纳分子集群(Posner molecule or cluster)形式存在的时候，它的量子纠缠时间可以长达105秒！能把这样一个极其脆弱的，对声、光、电、热都极其敏感的量子纠缠现象的持续时间提高15个数量级，那么如果再提高5个数量级，就可以达到年的水平，以年为单位来保存量子纠缠现象。那么依此类推，你们觉不觉得，有一天我们人类会发现量子纠缠也是一个可以进化的现象，它可以保存一百年、一千年、一万年。也就是说，量子纠缠，它在远古的时候就存在了，在进化过程中被保存了下来。

我要问你们四个问题。第一个问题，你们相信有第六感官吗?很多人会说不相信。第二个问题，有没有可能，两个人会以未知的方式进行交流?你会说也许，不会像第一个问题那样肯定地说不信。第三个问题，量子纠缠是否存在于人类的认知世界里面?存在于大脑里?我相信听了我的讲座，你会觉得很有可能。第四个问题，量子纠缠是不是适用于地球上的物质呢?你一定会说一定适用，因为我们已经证明了。但其实简单讲，这四个问题是完全一样的问题，倒推回去就说明一定有第六感官，只是我们无法感受，所以叫“第六感官”。

那么我们人究竟是什么?我们只不过是由一个细胞走过来的，就是受精卵，所有受精卵在35亿年以前，都来自于同一个细胞，同一团物质，一个处于复杂的量子纠缠的体系，就这么简单。

其实我不知道这里面是什么，但是我相信它。我每呼吸一次会摄入10^22次方的氧原子进入我的身体，进入共价结构。这一口呼吸至少有10^4次方以上的氧原子，被处在世界上一个很遥远角落里的，我没有见过的人呼吸过至少一次，这在一个月内就会做到，人一辈子一直在这么做。而两个人在一个房间里的时候，一天可以有63克的氧气在彼此的肺当中交换。

科学发展到今天，我们看世界完全像盲人摸象一样，我们看到的世界是有形的，我们自己认为它是客观的世界。其实我们已知的物质的质量在宇宙中只占4%，其余96%的物质的存在形式是我们根本不知道的，我们叫它暗物质和暗能量。

那么盲人摸象般地认识世界是科学吗?一定是科学。每个人摸的都是真实存在，而且都是客观存在的，都是看得见摸得着的，我们现在也是如此。只是我们不知道摸的是象的后背，还是尾巴，还是耳朵。我认为人类的认知极限就在于，我们是一堆原子，我们处在宏观世界，但我们希望隔着两个世界去看超微观世界。那是一个最美好的、极其美妙的世界。

谢谢大家!

文章来源：网易自媒体平台 （ID:对话老板）

运营人员： 马文晶 MZ012